Korea’s Intragovernment Group Launched to Thwart Crypto-Related Crimes

Chinese Central Bank Official Emphasizes Need for Digital Yuan Retail PaymentsA senior official from the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) has underscored the importance of making China’s digital yuan, commonly referred to as the e-CNY, accessible in all retail payment scenarios within China.Photo by Eric Prouzet on UnsplashStreamlining retail e-CNY paymentsThe remarks were delivered by Changchun Mu, Head of the Digital Currency Research Institute, during a trade forum in Beijing. Mu emphasized the need for standardizing QR codes in payment systems, particularly those dominated by giants like WeChat Pay and Alipay.Local media reported on Sunday that the central bank official highlighted that various wallet providers, including WeChat, Alipay, commercial banks with mobile banking apps, and other payment apps associated with e-CNY operations, must remain vigilant about complying with relevant financial regulations and obtaining the necessary licenses. He stressed that the initial step in this process should involve the adoption of the digital yuan as the preferred payment method for all retail transactions.Standardizing QR code paymentsMu explained that in the short term, authorities can start by unifying QR code standards on a technical level to achieve barcode interoperability. In the long run, he suggested that they will steadily implement the upgrade of payment tools.The move towards standardizing QR code payments aligns with the central bank’s commitment from the previous year to promote universal QR payment codes. This initiative aims to allow consumers to make payments by scanning a unified barcode. Currently, QR code payment systems are widely prevalent in China, with WeChat Pay and Alipay being dominant players.The PBOC has been actively testing the e-CNY, having introduced a pilot app in January 2022. The digital yuan pilot programs, initiated in late 2019, have expanded to encompass at least 26 locations across 17 provincial-level cities and regions, including major cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Suzhou, according to state media Xinhua.The extent of China’s promotion of its digital yuan has been unmatched despite the fact that most central banks globally have had ongoing central bank digital currency-related (CBDC) projects open for a number of years already.Recent months have seen the launch of a whole host of initiatives to further the use of the CBDC. These initiatives have included integration of the currency into the education system in Jiangsu province, the installation of digital yuan ATMs in Hainan, among many other such projects, and paying state employees with the currency in Changshu. That said, despite these efforts, widespread adoption of the e-CNY remains a work in progress.Bringing about e-CNY integrationMu also emphasized that the existing interbank payment and settlement systems function effectively, indicating that there is no immediate need to replace them with the CBDC system. Instead, he suggested that seamless integration could be achieved by ensuring comprehensive interoperability between the e-CNY and existing electronic payment tools and commercial bank deposit systems.Moreover, at a wholesale level, Mu proposed the use of the digital yuan for settlement within the financial market infrastructure. Smart contracts could also be leveraged for such activities, thereby enhancing efficiency in wholesale payments.Mu’s remarks underscore the Chinese central bank’s determination in advancing the development and adoption of the digital yuan while ensuring it remains integrated into the existing financial ecosystem.

Recent weeks have seen a positive policy shift in Pakistan with regard to digital assets and blockchain and that initiative has gathered further momentum with the appointment of a special assistant on blockchain and crypto to the Pakistani prime minister and the allocation of 2,000 MW of surplus electricity to Bitcoin mining and AI data centers.Photo by Abuzar Xheikh on UnsplashOn May 26, the Pakistan Observer, an English language daily newspaper, reported that Bilal bin Saqib has been appointed to serve as a special assistant on blockchain and crypto matters to Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. Forbes ‘30 under 30’ social entrepreneurIn this role, Saqib assumes the status of a minister of state under Rule 4(6) of the Rules of Business, 1973, with the appointment effective immediately. Saqib had been featured by Forbes through its “30 under 30” list of social entrepreneurs in Asia in 2020. He is the founder of Tayaba.org, a non-governmental organization (NGO) focused on the provision of clean drinking water to vulnerable communities in Pakistan. Saqib came to prominence in the crypto sector earlier this year when he was appointed CEO of the newly formed Pakistan Crypto Council (PCC), an agency established to promote blockchain technology and digital assets within the South Asian country. In April he was added by World Liberty Financial, a crypto project connected with the family of U.S. President Donald Trump, as an advisor. Earlier this month, Pakistan’s Ministry of Finance gave the go-ahead for the establishment of the Pakistan Digital Assets Authority (PDAA), a body that will be responsible for the implementation of regulations governing the crypto and blockchain sector.  Utilizing surplus energyAt the time, one area of focus that had been highlighted in the announcement of the establishment of the PDAA was a desire to make better use of Pakistan’s surplus energy. The country runs an annual average surplus of 4,000 megawatts. A report by 24 Digital on May 25 indicated that action has already been taken in this regard. It outlined that Pakistan has allocated 2,000 megawatts of surplus electricity for the exclusive use of operators of AI data centers and Bitcoin mining facilities.  This plan is being rolled out in phases. The first phase makes surplus energy available to these operators. Phase 2 will focus on enabling crypto mining operators to avail of renewable energy to power their facilities, in an effort to develop the sector in Pakistan in an environmentally responsible manner. According to the Ministry of Finance, interest has already been expressed by international operators in the crypto mining and AI data center sectors. A number of international firms are understood to have visited the country in an effort to explore potential collaboration opportunities.  Earlier this month, Saqib claimed on social media that Pakistan “is moving at crypto speed.” He made the case that the country is a breeding ground for crypto innovation, citing the opportunity to exploit surplus electricity via crypto mining and the potential for crypto adoption given a $36 billion remittance market, millions of unbanked citizens and 64% of the population under 30.

Singapore Judge Says Crypto Not MoneyIn recent years, legal processes in various jurisdictions worldwide have seen judges comment on whether cryptocurrency is actually money. The latest such determination has been made by Justice Vinodh Coomaraswamy who outlined in a Singapore court that while being a component of financial transactions, cryptocurrencies are not money.The consideration emerged in a recent court hearing at Singapore’s High Court in a case involving the Algorand Foundation and failed Singapore-based hedge fund, Three Arrows Capital (3AC). Justice Coomaraswamy’s comments arose due to a discussion in the midst of the court proceedings involving the Judge and counsel representing the Algorand Foundation.©Pexels/EKATERINA BOLOVTSOVASeashells as moneyIn setting out his rationale for the need for 3AC to be wound up, Daniel Chan, a lawyer for the WongPartnership law firm that was representing the Algorand Foundation in the proceedings, told the judge that despite foreign currencies not being recognized as legal tender in Singapore, or used broadly as a medium of exchange within the city state, those foreign currencies are recognized by Singapore law as money. Using that analogy Chan suggested that by implication, the same scenario should be considered where cryptocurrencies are concerned.The judge provided a counterpoint: “What if you had a [community] in the world that used seashells as its internal medium of exchange? Would the Singapore courts have to recognize that as money.” Chan claimed that the judge had used an extreme example although Coomaraswamy remained steadfast in his view, pointing out that seashells had indeed been used as a form of money in the distant past.Coomaraswamy proceeded to dismiss the Algorand Foundation’s winding up application. He acknowledged that the Foundation did have standing in bringing the application. However, as he determined that cryptocurrency couldn’t be classed as money, on that basis he dismissed the application. In conveying his decision, he stated: “The word indebtedness, in my view, must require a debt which is in fiat currency. Determining whether or not a particular intangible, such as cryptocurrency, is money would require a detailed examination of evidence which is not appropriate in the context of insolvency.”Legal tenderThus far, bitcoin has been recognized as legal tender in two countries — El Salvador and the Central African Republic. In 2020, a French court referred to the leading cryptocurrency as money, agreeing that Bitcoin loans can be recognized as customer loans in the same way as loans denominated in fiat currencies. Earlier that year, an Australian court recognized bitcoin as a legally legitimate form of investment. In the United States, a Federal court recognized bitcoin as “money” or “funds” in a prosecution taken against Silk Road website operator Ross Ulbricht.There have been many similar instances in courts globally where judges have had to grapple with the consideration of whether bitcoin and crypto more generally can be regarded as money. Similar to the difficulty authorities are having in regulating cryptocurrency, it’s an issue that in most cases lacks complete clarity and in which we can expect further discussions on, similar to this most recent consideration in the Singaporean high court.