Korean Metaverse Platforms Face Uncertain Future Amidst Mounting Challenges

Hong Kong Deems Crypto as PropertyIn dealing with a case involving defunct Hong Kong-based cryptocurrency exchange Gatecoin, a Hong Kong judge has determined cryptocurrency as being property “capable of being held in trust.” Presiding over the case, Justice Linda Chan stated recently that Hong Kong takes a broad definition of what constitutes property.©Pexels/mitbg000Digital assets held in trustHaving expended efforts to try and recover funds from a former payments service provider that the company had partnered with, Gatecoin announced that it would shut down the business and commence the liquidation of the business in 2019. With bankruptcy proceedings being notoriously slow, that process continues today, resulting in Justice Chan’s recent determination.The notion of property held in trust is a common theme that has been explored in a number of cryptocurrency business bankruptcy processes recently, including the BlockFi, Celsius and FTX processes.Gatecoin has not proven to be any different in this regard. Liquidators had turned to the Hong Kong courts for direction as to how creditors’ digital assets, as held on the platform, should be defined. If property is deemed to have been held “in trust”, then that determination has implications for the owner of those assets relative to the bankruptcy proceedings.In the case of BlockFi, a determination was made in a US court that those who had simply custodied digital assets with the platform without earning any yield were property owners and that they should have their assets returned.The importance of Terms of Service (ToS)Alex Mashinsky, the founder and CEO of failed crypto lending competitor Celsius outlined to service users on a number of occasions that the assets remained their property even though his company used customer assets for various trading activities. The bankruptcy judge reached a different determination based on the terms of service. Service users had acknowledged in signing off on Celsius’ terms of service that assets held on the platform that accessed yield-bearing products became the property of Celsius when deposited within those products on the Celsius platform.Although it has not been dealt with yet, 1.4 million creditors relative to the bankruptcy process of failed cryptocurrency exchange FTX are likely to discover later this year if they can claim “in trust” property rights. An ad hoc group of creditors has taken legal action for the return of their digital assets on the basis of an assertion that the assets remained their property when transferred onto the platform.ImplicationsWhilst a seemingly uninteresting determination to anyone less informed about such bankruptcy proceedings, such decisions can have profound consequences. In a bankruptcy process, there is a hierarchy of creditors, with some having greater rights than others when it comes to the distribution of bankruptcy estate funds. Recognition of assets being held in trust as property would likely take those property owners out of the bankruptcy process, allowing the return of their funds (where available) while others who are classified as creditors get a distribution of whatever funds are left in the bankruptcy estate thereafter.Additional complexityGatecoin’s case was further complicated by the existence of various sets of terms of service. In two of the three instances, the court found that no trust language existed. There is one subset of creditors who may have the ability to claim their digital assets as property. The liquidators have agreed to identify them and contact them in that regard.While the process may be proving to be a minefield for Gatecoin’s creditors, it has served a broader purpose in crypto more generally as it has provided yet another opportunity for another jurisdiction, in this instance Hong Kong, to provide some more clarity with regard to the legal status and standing of cryptocurrency.

Global crypto exchange Binance has carried out a survey which reveals that the security habits of Asian platform users are evolving positively.Photo by Vadim Artyukhin on UnsplashUsers responding to more sophisticated scamsIn a blog post published by the crypto exchange platform on May 6, Binance revealed that it had carried out a survey of nearly 30,000 platform users across Asia. The company’s takeaway following analysis of the survey data is that “scams are evolving — and so are crypto users.” The firm suggested that users are “stepping up their security game,” with exchanges facing growing demand from their users for real-time protection and smarter security tools. Increasing use of 2FAThe exchange platform found that 80.5% of survey respondents now use Binance two-factor authentication (2FA). While the use of 2FA is definitely a move in the right direction, it doesn’t guarantee the safety of a user’s digital assets.  In an article published by Forbes last month Forbes Contributor Davey Winder warned that infostealer malware can compromise 2FA codes in as little as 10 seconds. In June of last year, an OKX user lost $2 million in crypto to a hacker who utilized AI despite the victim having used Google’s 2FA. Double-checking transfersThe survey found that 73.3% of users double-check transfers before sending digital assets. Due to the nature of decentralized cryptocurrency, crypto transactions are not easily reversed and are usually irreversible. That puts a greater responsibility on crypto users to ensure that they are sending funds to the appropriate wallet address. Double-checking transfer addresses is not only necessary due to human error. Malware is also used by hackers to spoof such addresses, tricking the sender into sending the digital assets to their address rather than the one that was originally intended. It emerged in May 2024 that a Bitcoin trader had lost more than $70 million in Bitcoin in an “address poisoning” scam. Binance itself had warned users last September that “clipper malware,” which intercepts clipboard data on a user’s phone or desktop, replacing copied wallet addresses with alternative addresses under the hacker’s control, is increasingly being employed in hacking attempts. While the survey has revealed a positive evolution in the security habits of Asian platform users, there’s still room for further improvement. Just 17.6% of survey respondents utilize address whitelisting, a measure that restricts account user access to a safe list of pre-defined trusted addresses. Only 21.5% of survey respondents use anti-phishing codes as a security mechanism. The objective of phishing is to steal data, install malware on a user’s device or otherwise gain account access. An anti-phishing code aids the user in verifying the authenticity of emails and texts from a specific service. Security remains a major issue within crypto. Last month, hackers employed social engineering tactics to steal $330 million in Bitcoin from an elderly American victim. Exchange platforms themselves continue to struggle to safeguard user funds. Earlier this year, Binance competitor, Dubai-headquartered Bybit, suffered a $1.5 billion hack believed to have been perpetrated by North Korea’s Lazarus Group. Lazarus is also thought to have been behind a $235 million crypto theft at Indian crypto exchange WazirX in July 2024.

Symbiotic, a shared security protocol project that seeks to create a marketplace for blockchain network economic security, has raised $29 million in a Series A funding round.The funding round related to the Dubai-headquartered project was led by American venture capital and hedge fund firm Pantera Capital. Other funding round participants included Coinbase Ventures and a long list of angel investors, including Aave CEO Stani Kulechov, 1inch co-founder Anton Bukov, Conduit founder Andrew Huang and Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal.Photo by Markus Winkler on UnsplashBuilding out ‘universal staking’Announcing the Series A funding on social media, the project stated that it is building “universal staking” and with that, transforming “how blockchains implement security and economic alignment.”Symbiotic started out as an Ethereum-centric restaking project. It announced last August that its staking infrastructure had been deployed across 14 blockchain networks. Symbiotic co-founder Misha Putiatin told Blockworks that in now working towards building out a universal staking framework, it's going to double the number of supported blockchain networks. He stated: “This isn’t a pivot, it’s an expansion — a natural progression of the vision we started with.” In a press release publicizing the funding round, Pantera Capital Managing Partner Paul Veradittakit described universal staking as “the next step in blockchain infrastructure.” Describing Symbiotic’s business proposition, he said that the firm “unlocks economic coordination between assets and networks that were previously impossible,” allowing these assets “to easily serve as economic security while enabling entirely new use cases across DeFi.” Team & product expansionThe funding will also be used to expand the project’s current team. It will also expand its product offering beyond restaking, putting support in place for other staking activities. Symbiotic stated that beyond blockchain network security, the protocol supports other use cases, including insurance and other financial products.Putiatin told CoinDesk that the company is building infrastructure, and that its task going forward “is to improve on that by a huge margin.” The Symbiotic co-founder added that the company is catering to the needs of market participants who don’t want to share their security. He added: “They want to build their own security vertical and their own alignment, just using us.” Symbiotic emerged in June 2024 with backing from Konstantin Lomashuk and Vasiliy Shapovalov, co-founders of the Lido liquid staking protocol. At that time, the project attracted $5.8 million in seed funding, with the funding round having been led by crypto investment firm Paradigm and tech-oriented investment company cyber•Fund. It initially introduced a devnet on the Ethereum Holesky testnet. Following a considerable period of development, the project eventually launched on the Ethereum mainnet in January. The same month, the firm added customizable slashing capabilities to its restaking system. Slashing refers to a penalty system imposed on validators of proof-of-stake (PoS)-based networks.Symbiotic was introduced to the market as an alternative to EigenLayer, the restaking protocol with the largest share of total value locked (TVL). It differs from the market leader insofar as Symbiotic’s users can deposit any ERC-20 token into the protocol, whereas EigenLayer only facilitates ETH.