Singaporean Regulator Proposes Framework for Digital Money Use

A Cambodia-headquartered financial group recently cut off from the U.S. financial system is suspected of having operated in South Korea, raising fresh questions about cross-border crypto and currency flows tied to the group. According to the Dong-A Ilbo, which cited data from the Korea Customs Service (KCS), Huione Group—now sanctioned by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)—appears to have run a currency exchange in Seoul from 2018 to July 2024. The outlet reported that a banner on the premises displayed a logo identical to Huione’s, prompting suspicions about its ownership and control.Photo by Aleksandar Pasaric on PexelsTies to North Korean hackersThe exchange reported conducting roughly $20,000 in annual currency conversions during that period, excluding cryptocurrency transactions. The timeline overlaps with a period in which Huione Group reportedly received $150,000 in cryptocurrency from the North Korean hacking group Lazarus.  Connections also extend to Cambodia. Panda Bank—a local lender that shares a building with Huione subsidiaries—supports USDT transactions originating from South Korea. Panda Bank director He Yanming is listed as the owner of Huione Crypto, a virtual asset service provider (VASP), suggesting potential links between operations in Seoul and Phnom Penh. These developments come against the backdrop of a U.S. investigation disclosed in May, in which FinCEN said Huione’s business networks, including payments arm Huione Pay, collectively laundered at least $4 billion in illicit proceeds between August 2021 and January 2025. Crypto used in $2.6B illegal conversionsMeanwhile, recent KCS data also shows a rise in illegal currency conversions involving cryptocurrency by foreign nationals. The Korea Economic Daily reported conversions totaling 432 billion won ($302 million) in 2021, climbing to 836 billion won ($584.5 million) in 2023 and 956 billion won ($668.4 million) last year. Over the past eight years, the total amount involved in such cases reached 3.7 trillion won ($2.59 billion) across 28 instances. By value, Chinese nationals accounted for 84.1% of the total, followed by Australians (11.1%), Vietnamese (3.2%), and Russians (1.6%). The growing prevalence of cryptocurrency in illicit activity parallels a broader surge in crypto investment within the country. Many South Koreans have turned to digital assets, often with home ownership as a long-term goal. Trading on local exchanges, Bloomberg reported, is heavily skewed toward more volatile altcoins, which make up more than 80% of total volume.  That stands in contrast to global markets, where investors largely focus on Bitcoin and Ethereum, which together make up more than half of overall trading. The momentum in local crypto investment intensified after Donald Trump’s U.S. presidential victory, with crypto trading in Korea reaching $27 billion in December 2024, about 80% of turnover on the KOSPI stock index. The investigation underscores the growing challenge for regulators in tracking and containing cross-border financial networks that rely on cryptocurrency and informal money transfers. As crypto adoption deepens in South Korea and scrutiny widens abroad, authorities find themselves navigating an increasingly intricate intersection of financial opportunity, enforcement, and risk. 

Busan Hosts Blockchain Conference with Aim to Become Digital Financial HubBusan Metropolitan City hosted a blockchain conference on Monday as part of its aim to establish itself as a leading digital financial hub, according to Korean news agency News1.©Pexels/BERK OZDEMIRDot-com bubble comparisonDuring the conference, Kim Sang-min, chairman of the Busan Digital Asset Exchange Establishment Committee, highlighted the distortion in the blockchain landscape caused by unfair trading due to market monopolies and subsequent regulatory challenges. He compared the current situation to the dot-com bubble, stating that despite past issues, Korea has become a technological powerhouse. Kim suggested that while there may be challenges in the crypto exchange industry, excessive regulation should be avoided to promote growth.Kang Dae-goo, CEO of crypto exchange Borabit, agreed that many industries face initial growing pains, and the crypto industry is no exception. He urged Korea to join the race with financially-advanced countries promoting cryptocurrency in order to thrive in the digital age.Busan as digital financial centerExperts at the event identified Busan as the city with the greatest potential to become the nation’s premier digital financial center. Kim noted that Busan, which has been designated as a zone with lenient blockchain regulations, houses financial institutions with assets totaling 261 trillion won (~$195 billion) as of 2021. The city also hosts various international events for games and movies, providing ample content to develop virtual asset ecosystems.Kim proposed the establishment of a digital asset exchange that focuses on investor protection, emphasizing decentralization, fairness, and integration. He called for addressing current monopolistic governance practices and resolving unfair practices within crypto exchanges, such as cryptocurrency listing evaluations.More efforts urgedAttendees at the conference suggested that the Busan government and regional banks should take the lead in building infrastructure to attract companies. Kang noted that even though Busan has been designated as a blockchain special zone for four years, 48% of the industry remain unaware of this. He encouraged Busan to step up its efforts, citing examples of other municipalities, such as Incheon, which are actively engaging in various blockchain projects.Kang stressed the importance of public bodies providing infrastructure and support to attract businesses, adding that a business-friendly environment with a proper screening scheme will facilitate self-correction within the blockchain market as problematic companies are gradually filtered out.

Kbank’s Upbit Customer Deposits Total $2.2BKbank, an internet-only bank in South Korea, is facing criticism due to its relatively high proportion of cryptocurrency customer deposits compared to other banks. Kbank reportedly manages approximately KRW 3 trillion (equivalent to $2.2 billion) in deposits from customers of cryptocurrency exchange Upbit, which accounts for about 18% of its total customer deposits.This percentage stands out, being notably higher than other banks that provide accounts to the other four crypto-to-fiat exchanges in Korea. That is according to a report by Maeil Business Newspaper, which obtained documents submitted to lawmaker Kim Hee-gon by the Financial Services Commission (FSC).According to Korean law, crypto exchanges must secure real-name bank accounts from banks to offer crypto trading services against the Korean won. Kbank offers its accounts to Upbit, the dominant player in the Korean crypto market.Photo by David McBee on PexelsNotable exposure to crypto exchangeThe FSC documents showed that Kbank’s Upbit customer deposits totaled KRW 3.09 trillion, making up 18% of its total deposits, which amount to KRW 17.2 trillion.In a striking contrast, Nonghyup Bank had 0.2% of its deposits, equivalent to KRW 557.8 billion, in Bithumb, which is the nation’s second-largest cryptocurrency exchange. Kakaobank, another internet-only bank, had 0.3% (KRW 112.2 billion) of its deposits in Coinone. Shinhan Bank held 0.01% (KRW 43 billion) in Korbit, and Jeonbuk Bank had a similarly small 0.02% (KRW 4.2 billion) in Gopax.Lawmaker Kim pointed out that Kbank has become a bank dedicated to crypto trading. Kim proposed that financial authorities take proactive measures to assess the potential risks that may emerge when Kbank utilizes Upbit customer deposits as a basis for offering credit loans. Such risky financial practices could potentially result in higher loan defaults and the emergence of a greater number of individuals with poor credit histories, which could ultimately jeopardize the stability of the financial market.Regulatory gapThe current Financial Transaction Reporting Act mandates that virtual asset service providers (VASPs) segregate customer deposits from their own assets as a measure to combat money laundering. However, it has been noted that there are regulatory gaps stemming from the absence of specific guidelines for the custody of these deposits.According to the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS), Nonghyup and Kakaobank store deposits in separate accounts within the bank. On the other hand, Kbank and Jeonbuk Bank keep deposits in corporate accounts under their respective exchange partners’ names.When deposits are stored in separate accounts within the bank, only the bank has access to those funds, and they are essentially operated in a manner similar to a trust, preventing the bank from using the funds arbitrarily. In contrast, funds held in corporate accounts can be used by the bank as a source for lending. Lawmaker Kim warned that in scenarios such as exchange bankruptcies or similar situations, banks holding customer funds in corporate accounts could face difficulties in ensuring customer protection.Each of these banks receives reserve funds from crypto exchanges in anticipation of potential compensation requirements in the event of unforeseen losses. The FSS states that as of the end of last month, the reserve amounts held by each bank were as follows: Kbank had KRW 200 billion, Nonghyup Bank had KRW 100 billion, Kakao Bank had KRW 73 billion, and both Shinhan Bank and Jeonbuk Bank had KRW 30 billion.Kbank’s Upbit customer deposits are approximately 72 times larger than Shinhan Bank’s Korbit customer deposits. However, the reserve amounts held by Kbank are only 6.7 times greater than those held by Shinhan. Lawmaker Kim emphasized the importance of banks maintaining reserve funds that are proportional to the customer deposits held in their partner crypto exchanges.Signs of recoveryMeanwhile, the Korean cryptocurrency industry, which faced a downturn in the latter half of last year due to events like the Terra collapse and FTX’s bankruptcy, has exhibited signs of recovery in the first half of this year.The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of the FSC recently reported that the cryptocurrency market cap in South Korea has reached KRW 28.4 trillion as of the end of June this year. This reflects a 46% increase compared to the end of last year when it stood at KRW 19.4 trillion. Additionally, the total operating profit of domestic exchanges surged by 82% to KRW 227.3 billion over the past six months, compared to the previous figure of KRW 124.9 billion.The total market’s max drawdown (MDD) was 62%. MDD assesses the extent to which an asset has declined in value from its highest point to its lowest point within a specific time frame, before experiencing a recovery. The FIU considers this MDD to be high, urging investor caution.