Liminal expands into Middle East via Abu Dhabi approval

Audit Finds Excessive Pay Features on China’s e-CNY ProjectChina’s Digital Currency Research Institute, responsible for developing the digital yuan, has come under scrutiny for its excessive pay rises, which exceeded the typical limit for central government departments by eight times, according to a recent audit report. The report, released by the National Audit Office, sheds light on the inner workings of the institute, which oversees China’s widely used central bank digital currency (CBDC).Photo by Eric Prouzet on Unsplash28 percent pay risesIn 2020, employees at the institute received an average salary increase of around 28%, a significant bump compared to the typical government limit. Despite its influential role, the Digital Currency Research Institute maintains a low profile, lacking an official website and public disclosure of its payroll size, budget, and organizational structure.Since the substantial pay increases in 2020, the institute’s growth appears to have accelerated. Job postings indicate that the institute embarked on a hiring spree in the past year, with positions ranging from Beijing-based software engineers for Google’s Android mobile operating system to cloud platform engineers in Suzhou and blockchain experts in Shenzhen.While the Digital Currency Research Institute is among several government agencies flagged for financial irregularities in the audit report, it is essential to note that the institute plays a crucial role in advancing China’s digital yuan project.Ongoing trialsOver the past four years, trials of the digital yuan, known as e-CNY, have rapidly expanded. Currently, there are 26 pilot cities and 5.6 million merchants accepting the CBDC, accessible through official apps and third-party payment systems such as Alipay and WeChat Pay.Despite the progress made in trial deployments, there is no official timeline for the official launch of the digital yuan. The e-CNY has already demonstrated its utility in various contexts. For instance, in major cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Chengdu, subway riders can utilize e-CNY as a payment option through local transport apps. Moreover, passengers in eastern Zhejiang province can now use the official e-CNY wallet app to pay for the metro, even without an internet connection.While some cities have started exploring the use of e-CNY for bank loan and utility bill payments, the overall adoption of the digital yuan remains relatively slow. The amount spent using e-CNY is still a fraction of the massive 500 trillion yuan in mobile payments made in China last year. Consumers perceive little difference between e-CNY and traditional payment channels when using popular mobile payment apps.Jiangsu Province is establishing use of the digital yuan within its education system. Meanwhile, in the eastern city of Changshu, local administrators are starting to pay civil servants in e-CNY. To encourage wider acceptance and adoption, it will be crucial to further develop the infrastructure and address the concerns of businesses and consumers.As trials continue, it is expected that the digital yuan will play an increasingly significant role in China’s financial landscape, offering new opportunities while transforming the way transactions are conducted.

BIS Collaborates with Singapore’s MAS, Bringing CBDC Pilot to a CloseThe Bank for International Settlements (BIS) has recently signified the culmination of Project Mariana, a pilot initiative centered on exploring the cross-border trading and settlement of wholesale central bank digital currencies (CBDCs).Photo by Pixabay on PexelsUpdating financial market infrastructureThe bank of central banks published the findings of the project on Thursday. Conceived in partnership with the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) alongside the central banks of France and Switzerland, the endeavor could have profound implications for the future landscape of financial market infrastructure.Project Mariana, conducted under the patronage of the BIS, harnessed principles gathered from the emerging world of DeFi to probe the viability of employing automated market makers (AMMs) for CBDC trading and settlement.The project involved three key facets:DeFi Ingenuity: Project Mariana took inspiration and cues from the DeFi universe, particularly AAMs, to streamline foreign exchange trading and settlement. This approach was designed to bolster market efficiency while curtailing settlement risks.Cross-Border CBDC Transactions: Hypothetical wholesale versions of the Swiss franc, euro, and Singapore dollar in CBDC form were tested for cross-border trading and settlement. The central banks of France, Singapore, and Switzerland orchestrated simulated transactions via AAMs to gauge feasibility.Interoperability and Token Standards: The project showcased the practical application of a standardized technical token format offered by a public blockchain, enabling seamless interoperability across various currencies. This interoperability element played a pivotal role in facilitating cross-border CBDC transactions.While the project represents a significant move forward for the BIS in its consideration of decentralized technology, the organization is still mindful that these decentralized tools are in their infancy and in need of further scrutiny and experimentation.With that, the BIS Innovation Hub has outlined its intent to further explore the prospective advantages and obstacles associated with DeFi-infused solutions within pertinent use cases going forward.Proof of conceptWhile the BIS and participating central banks were happy with the outcome of the project, the exercise was still a proof of concept and doesn’t mean there will be any immediate adoption of CBDCs by the participating nations.Rather, it spotlights the potentials of CBDCs and DeFi in streamlining financial transactions and enhancing efficiency. Central banks can oversee wholesale CBDCs without necessarily exerting control over the underlying infrastructure, thereby furnishing commercial banks with a potent tool for instantaneous FX trading and settlement while simultaneously mitigating credit and settlement risks.The project also shone a spotlight on certain challenges, including the logistical intricacies arising from the 24/7 availability of wholesale CBDCs. Nevertheless, the manifold advantages of instant foreign exchange trading and settlement appear to outweigh these hurdles.Central bankers are likely to want a different outcome from the use of this technology by comparison with those who are currently knee-deep in building out DeFi. One commentator on X had a cynical take on the project, stating: “Intermediaries attempting to justify their existence in an age with bitcoin.”Notwithstanding that, FX is the largest financial market in the world, where $7.5 trillion in value is traded every day. To utilize DeFi technology in that context would likely be profound, regardless of the nature of the application of the technology.

A new report indicates that the global use of cryptocurrency is not only growing but also quickening, with the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region setting the pace. According to the sixth Chainalysis Global Crypto Adoption Index, released on Sept. 2, India has emerged as the new leader in overall adoption across 151 countries. The index analyzes where value is being transferred, how new users are entering the ecosystem, and which areas are experiencing the most rapid expansion.Photo by Naveed Ahmed on UnsplashIndia leads global crypto adoptionIndia now holds the top spot in the overall index, with the U.S. following in second place. The APAC region demonstrates significant momentum, with Pakistan (3rd), Vietnam (4th), Indonesia (7th), and the Philippines (9th) all securing positions in the top ten. Further down, South Korea and Japan are ranked 15th and 19th, respectively.2025 Global Crypto Adoption Index Top 20 Source: ChainalysisThe picture changes when the data is adjusted for per capita GDP, which highlights grassroots movements. By this measure, Ukraine ranks first, followed by Moldova, Georgia, and Jordan. Hong Kong comes in fifth, Vietnam sixth, while Singapore and South Korea rank 16th and 18th, respectively.2025 Global Crypto Adoption Index Top 20 (Pop. adjusted) Source: ChainalysisRegional transactions surge as APAC gains groundOn-chain transaction data confirms a shift in economic gravity. In the year ending June 2025, APAC's transaction value soared by 69% year-over-year, climbing from $1.4 trillion to $2.36 trillion. While Europe ($2.6 trillion) and North America ($2.2 trillion) still handle larger absolute volumes, growth is accelerating nearly everywhere. APAC's growth rate more than doubled from 27% to 69%, while Latin America's rose from 53% to 63%. In terms of capital entering the crypto market via centralized exchanges, the U.S. leads as the largest fiat on-ramp, processing over $4.2 trillion. This is approximately four times the volume of South Korea (over $1 trillion), while the EU recorded just under $500 billion. Asset preferences also show regional variations; Bitcoin accounted for 47% of purchases in the U.K. and 45% in the EU, but just over 20% in South Korea.  India's top ranking aligns with the latest domestic developments, such as the Independence Day launch of the Bitcoin Policy Institute India, which aims to focus on sovereign mining, policy, and education. Legal and security challenges in IndiaHowever, this rapid growth is accompanied by notable legal and security hurdles. In a high-profile case, an Indian anti-corruption court sentenced 14 individuals, including 11 police officers, to life in prison for a 2018 kidnapping and crypto extortion scheme. In another development, creditors of India's crypto exchange WazirX approved a new restructuring plan over a year after a $234 million hack allegedly linked to North Korea’s Lazarus Group. An earlier proposal was rejected by the Singapore High Court in April. The revised plan shifts oversight of recovery tokens—representing outstanding balances—from WazirX’s Singapore entity to Zanmai India, regulated by India’s financial authority, with repayments funded by profits and recovered assets. Some 150,000 creditors, representing $206 million in claims, voted between July 30 and Aug. 6 as WazirX also moved operations to a Panama-based unit called Zensui. Separately, on April 16, India’s Supreme Court dismissed a petition from 54 hack victims, ruling it lacked authority to legislate on crypto policy. While India’s headlines highlight the frictions of rapid growth, the broader picture is clearer. The Chainalysis index illustrates a global crypto market expanding across all income levels for varied reasons. In developed nations, clearer regulations and institutional involvement are key drivers. In many emerging economies, factors like remittances and access to U.S. dollars via stablecoins are more prominent.