Putin approves inclusion of digital ruble within Russian tax code

GRVT (Gravity), a self-custodial hybrid crypto exchange, has received $5 million in funding from Abu Dhabi-based venture capital firm Further Ventures. That’s according to a report published by The Block on Jan. 21. GRVT seeks to blend the benefits of both centralized exchanges and decentralized exchanges in a hybrid model built using ZKsync’s Validium ZK Chain. The platform offers off-chain order matching paired with on-chain settlement at a rate of 600,000 transactions per second (TPS). Settlements are secure and verifiable on the blockchain, while the user maintains custody of his/her assets, and the order book infrastructure is nevertheless centralized.Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya on UnsplashEquity-based funding dealThis latest equity-based funding round ran from October until it was closed out in December. Further Ventures, an entity that specializes in early-stage startup funding, led the round, making this its latest investment into a crypto-sector startup.  Earlier this month, the venture capital firm led a funding round into Paris-based crypto wallet technology firm Dfns. Last year, it collaborated with Singapore-headquartered crypto trading firm QCP Capital, in facilitating its expansion in Abu Dhabi.  Other crypto-related investments include staking services provider Twinstake, crypto custodian Tungsten, blockchain infrastructure platform Fuze and crypto derivatives platform Kemet Trading.  Further Ventures counts ADQ, Abu Dhabi’s sovereign wealth fund, among its investors. In 2022, it established a $200 million fund, which was earmarked for investment into early-stage startups in the fintech, digital assets and supply chain sectors. In the past, Hong Kong-based GRVT has held pre-seed and seed funding rounds that involved GRVT token warrants. On this occasion, the funding deal was structured as equity. GRVT CEO Hong Yea explained that equity was chosen as it was felt that the GRVT token should be held in reserve for the community. Additionally, structuring the funding round around equity means that the holding company has the freedom to pivot or expand into alternative business lines in the future. $14.3 million in funding to dateBack in October 2023, the project raised $7.1 million in funding based on a $39 million valuation. That round was co-led by Matrix Partners alongside Delphi Digital, with further participation by Susquehanna Investment Group, CMS Holdings, ABCDE and Hack VC. Matter Labs, the developer of the ZKsync scaling network that GRVT runs on, was also a participant.  This latest funding round brings GRVT’s total capital raised to $14.3 million. In March of last year, the firm had raised $2.2 million from a private token sale. Expanding spot & options tradingIt’s understood that the new funding will be used to expand the platform’s crypto spot and options trading. Furthermore, the firm has plans to acquire an upgraded full Class F license from the regulator in Bermuda. Currently, the Bermudan authorities have issued the company with a modified Class M crypto business license. In an effort to unlock its offering to a broader global market, the company also has plans to pursue a Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) license within the European Union and a virtual assets service provider (VATP) license from the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) in Dubai. 

Dubai’s VARA grants WadzPay ‘initial approval’ of trading licenseIn the latest demonstration of the emirate’s crypto-friendly credentials, Dubai regulator, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA), has granted an “Initial Approval” license to WadzPay.WadzPay was founded in 2018 in Singapore as a business-to-business (B2B) technology firm that concentrates its efforts on enabling digital asset-based transaction processing and settlement. This licensing approval is a significant step forward for the startup, as it inches closer to obtaining a full-fledged Virtual Asset Service Provider (VASP) license.Photo by Paul MARSAN on UnsplashGearing up for service roll-outWith this approval in hand, WadzPay is gearing up to offer a range of virtual asset services, specifically under the forthcoming VASP License for Transfer and Settlement, as well as Broker-Dealer trading activities.That said, the current VARA license places certain restrictions on WadzPay’s offerings. While WadzPay is known for providing a wide array of services to businesses (B2B) and individual users through its B2B2C platform, the “Initial Approval” license limits its scope to only a subset of its virtual asset products and services.Flurry of approvalsDubai has taken center stage in the realm of crypto-friendly jurisdictions, granting a flurry of operational licenses to numerous crypto firms and exchanges in recent months. The regulatory framework in Dubai is underpinned by robust guidelines for VASPs. To operate fully within this framework, crypto firms must navigate a meticulous three-tier licensing process, starting with provisional approval, followed by a minimal viable product (MVP) license, culminating in a total market product license.One of the recent beneficiaries of VARA’s approvals is Backpack, a virtual currency wallet provider. Last month, Backpack received its VASP license, allowing the introduction of the Backpack Exchange to the market. However, similar to WadzPay’s situation, Backpack’s license comes with certain limitations.It permits the offering of crypto exchange services within Dubai but restricts the rollout of other virtual asset services. The Backpack Exchange sets itself apart with advanced features, including zero-knowledge (ZK) proof-of-reserves, multi-party computation (MPC) for secure custody and lightning-fast order execution capabilities.Nomura portfolio company approvalsKomainu, a collaborative venture involving financial heavyweights like Nomura, CoinShares and Ledger, is another notable success story. After a diligent licensing journey, Komainu secured its full operating license from VARA, approximately 10 months after obtaining its MVP license in November 2022.Laser Digital, a crypto division under the vast umbrella of financial giant Nomura, also earned its operational license from VARA in August. Through its dedicated subsidiary, Laser Digital Middle East FZE, based conveniently in Dubai, Nomura has showcased its VASP license. The permit enables the firm to offer a suite of services, including brokerage, virtual asset management and investment offerings within the emirate.Notably, Laser Digital’s licensure followed closely on the heels of Binance, the global crypto exchange. Binance secured its operational minimum viable product (MVP) license from VARA, paving the way for providing crypto exchange and virtual asset broker-dealer services within the region.This flurry of licensing activities and approvals in Dubai is suggestive of the emirate’s commitment to fostering a progressive and regulated crypto environment.

Bank of Japan Publishes Results of CBDC PoCThe Bank of Japan (BoJ) recently concluded the second phase of its central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof of concept (PoC) project, which began in April. The results of this phase were published on Monday, and they shed light on key aspects such as the comparison between account-based and token-based CBDCs and the management of holding limits for users with multiple accounts.Photo by Manuel Cosentino on UnsplashToken-based CBDCsThe experiments conducted by the central bank covered a wide range of topics. Among the most intriguing findings were the advantages and disadvantages of token-based CBDCs and how to effectively impose holding limits for users with multiple CBDC balances.Token-based CBDCs have garnered interest from various central banks, with some adopting the UTXO token model used by Bitcoin without the use of a distributed ledger. A UTXO or unspent transaction output, defines where a blockchain transaction starts and finishes. The Bank of Japan explored this model and analyzed its pros and cons.In the initial proof of concept, both account-based and token-based CBDCs were examined, considering scenarios where the central bank managed the ledger or shared it with intermediaries like banks. In the token-based model, fixed token denominations were used, similar to physical cash in countries like India, and a centralized ledger was employed. However, in the recent phase, the central bank utilized flexible value tokens similar to UTXO and shared ledger functions with intermediaries.The Bank of Japan favored the flexible value token model due to its ability to handle multiple requests simultaneously. However, it acknowledged that this model may require more technical resources compared to the account-based approach. Challenges may arise when implementing additional functions, such as holding limits, while maintaining optimal performance. The European Central Bank (ECB) also noted in a recent report that most payment providers are accustomed to account-based payments and would incur costs to adapt to token-based systems.Another significant aspect explored by the BoJ was how to impose holding limits when users have multiple CBDC balances through different intermediaries. The challenge lies in determining if the overall holding limit has been breached without compromising user privacy.Homomorphic encryptionOne possible solution discussed in the report is the use of homomorphic encryption, which enables computations to be performed on encrypted data without it first needing to be decrypted. That allows for the necessary checks without intermediaries accessing the specific data being checked. Although this solution may slightly increase processing time, it could introduce a higher risk of data inconsistencies.Alternatively, a simpler approach proposed by the central bank is to establish a per-account holding limit and a limit on the number of accounts a single user can hold, rather than imposing global limits. Ideally, users with multiple accounts would have a higher per-account holding limit compared to those with fewer accounts.Phase 3 underwayWith the next pilot phase already underway, the BoJ aims to test the end-to-end process flow and identify challenges related to integrating with external systems. Additionally, they are creating a CBDC Forum to gather input from the private sector, ensuring a collaborative approach to CBDC development.While investigation and research into CBDCs continues, the BoJ has said that it will make a final decision on CBDC implementation by 2026.