Hong Kong considers rules for fiat-backed stablecoin issuers

Indonesia witnessed a striking decline in cryptocurrency tax revenue for the year 2023, according to local media. 63% decreaseA report by Indonesian business and financial publication Kontan detailed a tax take drop to $31.7 million (Indonesian rupiah 467.27 billion). That tax collection is in sharp contrast to the partial collection period in 2022 when the crypto tax regime was initially introduced. It represents a drop of around 63%. The decline is part of a broader tax reform targeting the "digital economy" implemented in 2022, with the Indonesian government expressing the expectation that the reform would enhance tax collection, fostering a "healthy and fair taxation system."Photo by Nick Agus Arya on UnsplashDeclining transaction volumesDespite bitcoin's impressive surge of approximately 160% throughout 2023, the dip in crypto tax revenue was notable. The decrease is closely tied to a drop in transaction volumes over the same period compared to 2022. A report by CoinDesk Indonesia last week put that trading volume decrease at around 60%. Crypto transactions in Indonesia face dual taxation – a 0.1% income tax and a 0.11% value-added tax (VAT). Additionally, local crypto exchanges are subject to a special tax of approximately 0.04%, contributing to the national digital asset bourse. Disadvantaging local exchangesLocal exchanges in Indonesia, including prominent ones like Indodax, have voiced discontent with the high tax rates, contending that these levies are driving users towards unregulated offshore exchanges. Earlier this month Indodax CEO Oscar Darmawan called on the Indonesian government to review crypto tax rates. Darmawan highlighted that the cumulative taxes on crypto transactions often surpass the trading fees paid by users, posing a risk of users seeking more cost-effective alternatives. Local exchanges suggest that crypto transactions should only be subject to income tax, eliminating the VAT component. This proposal comes as Indonesia's Financial Services Authority (OJK) prepares to implement cryptocurrency regulations in early 2025. The aim is to align the taxation of cryptocurrencies with their market nature, possibly redefining them more as securities than commodities. Inadequate tax regulation can lead to a decline in local market activities, potentially resulting in capital flight to more favorable jurisdictions. Indonesia's situation serves as a reminder of the crucial need for policies that understand and adapt to the dynamic nature of the cryptocurrency sector. India is being similarly challenged. Local exchanges there have also complained of punitive taxation, which resulted in Indian users migrating to offshore exchanges. That scenario led indigenous exchanges to lobby the government to take action. The authorities have duly acted, flagging a number of global exchanges for operating illegally within India. It’s not all bad news for the development of digital assets within Indonesia. The country still ranks highly in terms of crypto adoption within the Asian region. Crypto was also floated as an election issue recently by Gibran Rakabuming Raka, a vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming election. The politician expressed his commitment to accelerating the country's position as a leader in the digital revolution. 

Many Countries Are Welcoming Traditional Financial Institutions Into Crypto — When Will Korea Catch Up?Although overseas traditional financial institutions are gradually expanding their reach into the crypto market by launching related services and products, this remains challenging for institutions in South Korea, where it is difficult for them to even invest in virtual assets.Photo by NASA on UnsplashMajor developments in other countriesAccording to industry sources, traditional financial companies such as Japan’s largest investment bank and brokerage group Nomura Group, and New York-based investment banking company Citigroup are starting to bring new crypto-related services and products to the market.Laser Digital, the asset management unit of Nomura Group, launched a Bitcoin adoption fund targeting institutional investors, according to an official press release from last Tuesday (local time), which will provide institutional investors with direct and secure access to investments in Bitcoin.Similarly, Citigroup’s Treasury and Trade Solutions (TTS) is piloting its new crypto-based cash management and trade finance service dubbed Citi Token Services, which caters to institutional clients by utilizing blockchain and smart contract technology to provide digital asset solutions. “Digital asset technologies have the potential to upgrade the regulated financial system by applying new technologies to existing legal instruments and well-established regulatory frameworks. The development of Citi Token Services is part of our journey to deliver real-time, always-on, next-generation transaction banking services to our institutional clients,” said Shahmir Khaliq, Global Head of Services at Citi.Earlier this summer, several asset managers in the US, including BlackRock, applied for a spot-traded Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), drawing the interest of the industry as a whole. The SEC has been delaying its decision regarding approval for the ETF and will likely do so until its allotted 240-day review period is over, but industry experts predict that the approval will go through for several reasons including BlackRock’s implicit influence as the world’s biggest asset manager and the SEC’s former court loss against Grayscale for its review of the firm’s spot Bitcoin ETF.These developments are made possible through the commonly held opinion that the involvement of traditional financial institutions in the crypto sphere is beneficial for the industry due to their ability to increase liquidity by moving much larger amounts of capital than the crypto market alone.Moreover, many countries around the world already allow institutions to invest in virtual assets. For instance, the US Nasdaq Stock Market has already listed crypto futures-based ETFs such as Bitcoin and Ether, and there are trust products on the market like Grayscale’s Bitcoin Trust that target qualified investors. Countries like Hong Kong have also gradually begun to allow individual investments in virtual assets again, while institutional investment has always been permitted.Roadblocks in KoreaIn contrast, it remains impossible for institutional or corporate investors in Korea to invest in virtual assets, let alone offer virtual asset fund products. Although local asset managers like Mirae Asset Global Investments and Samsung Asset Management have listed Bitcoin-related ETFs in the US and Hong Kong, such products do not exist in South Korea.Korean authorities also banned financial institutions from holding, purchasing, or investing in virtual assets back in 2017 on the grounds that their investment in cryptocurrencies could stimulate investor sentiment. Also, shadow regulation after the enactment of the Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information in 2021 practically bars local corporations and institutions from using crypto exchanges, though there is no provision that explicitly prohibits opening corporate bank accounts on crypto exchanges.In response to this situation, an anonymous industry insider highlighted the need for a nationwide drive to support virtual assets and Web3 technology. “This is the time to push emerging industries, and we should not overlook industry trends. The current situation is somewhat frustrating,” they said. “Japan was the most conservative country in this regard, but it has recently opened up and subsequently gained momentum. Korea should also take a more progressive approach.”

China Launches National Blockchain Center to Develop TalentHaving initially been announced in February, China’s National Blockchain Technology Innovation Center was formally launched on Wednesday. The center is based in China’s capital city of Beijing, and plans to collaborate with existing crypto and blockchain businesses, think tanks that concern themselves with blockchain and digital assets, and local universities in an effort to further advance blockchain technology within China’s borders.Photo by Hanson Lu on UnsplashEnterprise blockchain developmentEncompassed within the National Blockchain Technology Innovation Center lies the Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing. The academy’s leading achievement to date has been its development of the ChainMaker blockchain. The state-sponsored blockchain incorporates clusters of high performance servers of 1,000 units or more, and it claims to achieve a throughput of 240 million transactions per second.The blockchain is being geared towards enterprise use, and the sharing of information between businesses. The ChainMaker project team has also developed an immutable storage mechanism called “Hong”. It’s understood that the team plans to open-source that technology in due course. The storage system is being used by around 80 government departments in Beijing to collect and store data.ChainMaker is collaborating with fifty corporations, with most of them being state-owned entities.Linking up separate networksIn these efforts to advance China’s blockchain sector, the Center is being backed by China’s Ministry of Science and Technology. One of its key objectives is to ensure that the research center enables a comprehensive, nation-wide network to link together disparate blockchain systems, including those already built, within China. Furthermore, the Chinese authorities want the Center to support existing industries, serving them by bringing blockchain technology to their operations, and in that way advancing businesses with that added competitive edge.Zheng Zhiming, a leading academic at the Chinese Academy of Sciences said that existing blockchain projects are isolated from each other. Zhiming believes that this is holding them back, impeding their growth. This latest approach through the National Blockchain Technology Center is geared to address that shortcoming.It’s interesting to note that while the Chinese authorities have taken a very hard line in relation to cryptocurrencies, they are very much trying to advance their blockchain sector. Likewise, they are pulling out the stops for China’s central bank digital currency (CBDC) project, the digital yuan or e-CNY.It emerged last week that the Bank of China has partnered with French international banking group BNP Paribas, in an effort to promote further use of the digital yuan among the bank’s corporate clients.A dual strategyMeanwhile in China’s autonomous territory of Hong Kong, the city has been given an implicit mandate from the Chinese central government to open its doors to cryptocurrency-related businesses. Cleverly, the Chinese are covering both eventualities. While they don’t want citizens within mainland China to have access to decentralized cryptocurrencies and dApps, they still don’t want to miss out on any upside that the technology and its innovation may bring.On that basis, Hong Kong has been given the space and freedom to compete for crypto business on a global basis, competing in that respect with other emerging centers such as Singapore and Dubai.