Top

Terraform Labs co-founder Do Kwon sentenced to 15 years for ‘generational’ fraud

Policy & Regulation·December 14, 2025, 9:41 PM

Do Kwon, a South Korean national and the central figure in the 2022 collapse of the Terra blockchain ecosystem, was sentenced to 15 years in prison on Dec. 11, capping a federal case that exposed a multibillion-dollar scheme built on false promises and secret market manipulation.

 

According to a U.S. Department of Justice press release, District Judge Paul A. Engelmayer handed down the sentence in Manhattan federal court, finding that the 34-year-old orchestrated a scheme that inflicted substantial losses on both retail and institutional investors.

https://asset.coinness.com/en/news/7074b1991eafd12d40d2c227efc0ee19.webp
Photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on Unsplash

"This was a fraud on an epic, generational scale. In the history of federal prosecutions, there are few frauds that have caused as much harm as you have, Mr. Kwon," Engelmayer said, according to Reuters.

 

Kwon, who was extradited to the U.S. in December 2024 following his arrest in Montenegro, pleaded guilty in August. Addressing the court, he acknowledged the devastation caused by the collapse. "All of their stories were harrowing and reminded me again of the great losses that I’ve caused. I want to tell these victims that I am sorry," Kwon said.

 

A house of cards

According to court filings, Kwon’s deception ran from 2018 through 2022, misleading investors regarding the stability of the algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD (UST), the LUNA token, and the independence of the Luna Foundation Guard.

 

Prosecutors outlined a pattern of fabrication across Terraform’s products. When UST lost its $1 peg in May 2021, Kwon claimed an automated "Terra Protocol" restored balance. In reality, investigators found the company secretly utilized a high-frequency trading firm to prop up the price, creating a "false impression" of the system’s resilience.

 

The fraud extended to Terraform’s partnerships and applications. Investigators said Kwon lied about the South Korean payments platform Chai, claiming its transactions were settled on the Terra blockchain. Instead, Chai used traditional payment networks, with Terraform simply copying data to the blockchain to feign integration.

 

Similarly, Kwon allegedly manipulated the Mirror Protocol, a platform for synthetic stock trading. While touting it as decentralized, prosecutors said he used bots, funded by stablecoins he created, to inflate volume and manipulate asset prices.

 

The collapse and capture

By spring 2022, the ecosystem’s value exceeded $50 billion. However, when UST broke its peg again in May 2022, Terraform could not artificially restore it. The resulting crash erased at least $40 billion in value and triggered a contagion across digital-asset markets.

 

While Kwon publicly claimed cooperation with authorities during the fallout, prosecutors introduced recordings suggesting he privately explored seeking political protection to avoid accountability. He was eventually arrested in Montenegro in March 2023 for traveling on a fraudulent passport.

 

In addition to the prison term, Judge Engelmayer ordered Kwon to forfeit over $19 million, including interests in Terraform and its digital assets. The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with assistance from Montenegrin and South Korean authorities. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed a separate civil action.

 

Global crackdown widens

While the U.S. concludes the Kwon case, scrutiny of the crypto sector is intensifying abroad.

 

DL News, citing the Belarusian outlet Onliner, reported that Belarusian authorities have blocked access to digital asset trading platforms Bybit, Bitget, and OKX. The Ministry of Information cited the Mass Media Act for the decision, though KuCoin and Binance remain accessible.

 

The step contrasts with President Alexander Lukashenko’s earlier support for developing a national crypto reserve and mining sector. Meanwhile, the Belarusian arm of Russia’s Sputnik reported that State Control Committee chairman Vasily Gerasimov recently put in place a record system identifying wallets authorities suspect are used for criminal money laundering.

 

More to Read
View All
Policy & Regulation·

Sep 01, 2023

Report Reveals Global Trends and Online Discourse on Crypto Travel Rule

Report Reveals Global Trends and Online Discourse on Crypto Travel RuleCODE, the only Travel Rule solution provider in South Korea, together with blockchain consulting firm Catalyze Research, published a report that sheds light on global trends in Travel Rule legislation and popular online keywords associated with the Travel Rule. The Travel Rule is a set of guidelines that virtual asset service providers (VASPs) and financial institutions are obligated to observe in order to counteract money laundering and terrorist financing. These guidelines require these entities to share information about both the sender and the recipient of cryptocurrency or financial transactions.The authors of this report gathered online comments related to the Travel Rule from January 1, 2019 to July 31, 2023. They conducted this analysis across news outlets, media platforms, online forums, and various social media channels, encompassing over 200 countries and 150 languages.Photo by Volodymyr Hryshchenko on UnsplashKey events driving discussionsAccording to the report, online discussions concerning the Travel Rule intensified around the time of several key events. These events include the enforcement of the Travel Rule in South Korea in March 2022, the approval of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) and Transfer of Funds Regulation (TFR) by the European Union in April 2023, endorsements of the Travel Rule by G7 countries in Japan in May 2023, and the subsequent implementation of the Travel Rule in Hong Kong and Japan in June 2023.Notably, South Korea, Japan, and France experienced the most substantial surges in Travel Rule-related discussions during the first half of 2023. In South Korea, comments were prompted by a lawmaker’s scandal related to cryptocurrency trading. Meanwhile, Japan and France observed a rise in comments linked to the enforcement of their respective local Travel Rule regulations in the second quarter.Negative market responsesIn addition, markets responded more negatively than positively to the tightening of Travel Rule regulations. The concerns about the market contraction were stronger than the positive outlook on the advantages of preventing money laundering.Lee Sung-mi, CEO of CODE, highlighted the growing significance of Travel Rule solution providers in ensuring the compliance of virtual asset service providers (VASPs) with the regulatory demands of various jurisdictions. Particularly, with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), G7 nations, and the EU at the forefront, countries have been making noteworthy strides in Travel Rule implementations since 2023, she further noted. Lee emphasized CODE’s commitment to aiding its member VASPs in adhering to Travel Rule regulations by delivering secure and convenient services that align with the evolving global regulatory landscape.

news
Policy & Regulation·

May 25, 2023

Chinese Pull Crypto TV Video Following Binance CEO’s Comments

Chinese Pull Crypto TV Video Following Binance CEO’s CommentsEarlier this week, a Chinese state-owned TV channel featured a segment shedding light on Bitcoin, emphasizing its surging popularity and widespread adoption. The piece, broadcast on China Central Television (CCTV) on Wednesday, was met with enthusiasm from crypto proponents. However, on Thursday the video was removed from the TV broadcaster’s platform.Photo by Road Trip with Raj on UnsplashA perceived policy shiftThe segment sought to provide viewers with a comprehensive overview of digital assets, their diverse applications, and potential benefits. The reaction of Changpeng Zhao (CZ), CEO of global crypto exchange Binance, stoked up further community interest. Taking to Twitter, CZ stated:“CCTV (China Central Television) just broadcasted crypto. It’s a big deal. The Chinese speaking communities are buzzing. Historically, coverages like these led to bull runs.”CZ’s tweet reverberated throughout the crypto space, leaving many curious about his perspective on the TV segment’s significance. A highly influential personality in the crypto sector, CZ later clarified his stance, asserting that the segment signaled a shift in China’s approach to cryptocurrencies. He proposed that the state media’s coverage reflected a more positive sentiment and hinted at a potentially evolving regulatory landscape.Video removalSoon after CZ’s comments, the Chinese state media broadcaster removed the video segment focusing on Bitcoin. This development raised eyebrows and fueled speculations regarding the motives behind its removal. Within the crypto community, many speculated that CZ’s mention of the segment might have prompted Chinese authorities to take it down. However, the precise reasons behind the removal remain uncertain.One of the events that triggered the video segment appears to have been news earlier this week that Hong Kong is moving to enable crypto trading at a retail level. There’s been significant reporting on crypto developments related to Hong Kong over the course of the past six months. There has been a notable policy shift, and it appears that Chinese authorities are happy to see Hong Kong compete openly to become a regional hub for the crypto sector.There’s no doubt that people in the crypto sector would like to see signs of a softening of the approach to crypto in mainland China too. Many might have perceived this TV airtime as an indicator of that. However, it’s more likely that the Chinese are pursuing a dual-pronged strategy. They’re very cleverly participating in the developing innovation in digital assets via the Chinese autonomous territory of Hong Kong, while at the same time, maintaining a hardline stance against crypto on the mainland.The crypto sector continues to progress, and the regulatory landscape is ever-changing within various jurisdictions. On that basis, and given the importance of the Chinese market, it’s worthwhile to continue to closely monitor China’s actions. Any changes in the country’s approach to cryptocurrencies can have far-reaching consequences for the industry.Whether this recent event signals a more optimistic outlook or merely underscores the persisting regulatory uncertainty, it serves as a reminder that the crypto landscape is in constant evolution, holding surprises around every corner.

news
Web3 & Enterprise·

Jun 22, 2023

Uniswap Competitor Maverick Protocol Raises $9M in Funding

Uniswap Competitor Maverick Protocol Raises $9M in FundingMaverick Protocol, a Singapore-centric DeFi project which aims to disrupt Uniswap’s dominance, has announced a fresh capital funding round.On Wednesday, Maverick announced that it successfully raised $9 million in a seed funding round led by Founders Fund. Prominent participants in the round include Binance Labs, Coinbase Ventures, Pantera Capital, and Apollo Crypto.It’s not clear what Maverick’s current valuation stands at, and in discussion with Fortune, Alvin Xu, one of the co-founders of Maverick Protocol, refrained from disclosing that valuation.Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya on Pexels“Surgical approach to DeFi”Joey Krug, a partner at Founders Fund, expressed confidence in Maverick’s potential to contribute to the growth of the DeFi industry through its “surgical approach to decentralized finance.” Krug added that “Maverick has quickly established itself as a hub for liquid staking token trading whilst having greater capital efficiency for liquidity providers.”The injection of capital into Maverick comes at a time when crypto enthusiasts are seeking alternative platforms for purchasing and exchanging tokens. This shift in interest was sparked by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United States filing lawsuits earlier this month against two prominent centralized crypto exchanges, Binance and Coinbase.Following the news of the lawsuits, both Binance and Coinbase experienced significant outflows of cryptocurrencies. Simultaneously, the trading volume on decentralized exchanges, which are characterized by their lack of central ownership, surged from $1.2 billion the day before the Binance lawsuit was filed to $3.1 billion on the day the suit was made public, according to data from DefiLlama. These events occurred during the early afternoon when the SEC unveiled its charges.Crypto industry OGAlvin Xu has been actively involved in the crypto industry since 2018 when he joined the Tron Foundation and subsequently BitTorrent. For a time, he worked at Ethereum-centric blockchain infrastructure firm, ConsenSys, contributing to the development of the MetaMask wallet.In 2021, Xu embarked on the creation of Maverick Protocol, an automated market maker. Typically, market makers like Citadel Securities play a crucial role in traditional finance, matching buy and sell orders for stocks. In the crypto realm, where trading operates 24/7, Uniswap has gained popularity as it automates market making for a wide range of tokens.Xu believes that his new protocol can challenge Uniswap’s dominant position, stating: “That’s definitely our goal.” However, he acknowledges the substantial advantage Uniswap holds as a first-mover in the crypto world.Since its launch in March, Maverick Protocol, currently employing nine individuals, has set its sights not only on competing with Uniswap and other automated market makers but also on surpassing centralized exchanges such as Binance and Coinbase. Xu acknowledges that achieving this goal will require time and further development, stating: “I think it’s still early.”Maverick Protocol’s recent funding round provides a strong boost to its ambitions, stoking further competition with market leader Uniswap, while playing a role in shaping the future of DeFi.

news
Loading