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Terraform Labs co-founder Do Kwon sentenced to 15 years for ‘generational’ fraud

Policy & Regulation·December 14, 2025, 9:41 PM

Do Kwon, a South Korean national and the central figure in the 2022 collapse of the Terra blockchain ecosystem, was sentenced to 15 years in prison on Dec. 11, capping a federal case that exposed a multibillion-dollar scheme built on false promises and secret market manipulation.

 

According to a U.S. Department of Justice press release, District Judge Paul A. Engelmayer handed down the sentence in Manhattan federal court, finding that the 34-year-old orchestrated a scheme that inflicted substantial losses on both retail and institutional investors.

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"This was a fraud on an epic, generational scale. In the history of federal prosecutions, there are few frauds that have caused as much harm as you have, Mr. Kwon," Engelmayer said, according to Reuters.

 

Kwon, who was extradited to the U.S. in December 2024 following his arrest in Montenegro, pleaded guilty in August. Addressing the court, he acknowledged the devastation caused by the collapse. "All of their stories were harrowing and reminded me again of the great losses that I’ve caused. I want to tell these victims that I am sorry," Kwon said.

 

A house of cards

According to court filings, Kwon’s deception ran from 2018 through 2022, misleading investors regarding the stability of the algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD (UST), the LUNA token, and the independence of the Luna Foundation Guard.

 

Prosecutors outlined a pattern of fabrication across Terraform’s products. When UST lost its $1 peg in May 2021, Kwon claimed an automated "Terra Protocol" restored balance. In reality, investigators found the company secretly utilized a high-frequency trading firm to prop up the price, creating a "false impression" of the system’s resilience.

 

The fraud extended to Terraform’s partnerships and applications. Investigators said Kwon lied about the South Korean payments platform Chai, claiming its transactions were settled on the Terra blockchain. Instead, Chai used traditional payment networks, with Terraform simply copying data to the blockchain to feign integration.

 

Similarly, Kwon allegedly manipulated the Mirror Protocol, a platform for synthetic stock trading. While touting it as decentralized, prosecutors said he used bots, funded by stablecoins he created, to inflate volume and manipulate asset prices.

 

The collapse and capture

By spring 2022, the ecosystem’s value exceeded $50 billion. However, when UST broke its peg again in May 2022, Terraform could not artificially restore it. The resulting crash erased at least $40 billion in value and triggered a contagion across digital-asset markets.

 

While Kwon publicly claimed cooperation with authorities during the fallout, prosecutors introduced recordings suggesting he privately explored seeking political protection to avoid accountability. He was eventually arrested in Montenegro in March 2023 for traveling on a fraudulent passport.

 

In addition to the prison term, Judge Engelmayer ordered Kwon to forfeit over $19 million, including interests in Terraform and its digital assets. The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with assistance from Montenegrin and South Korean authorities. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed a separate civil action.

 

Global crackdown widens

While the U.S. concludes the Kwon case, scrutiny of the crypto sector is intensifying abroad.

 

DL News, citing the Belarusian outlet Onliner, reported that Belarusian authorities have blocked access to digital asset trading platforms Bybit, Bitget, and OKX. The Ministry of Information cited the Mass Media Act for the decision, though KuCoin and Binance remain accessible.

 

The step contrasts with President Alexander Lukashenko’s earlier support for developing a national crypto reserve and mining sector. Meanwhile, the Belarusian arm of Russia’s Sputnik reported that State Control Committee chairman Vasily Gerasimov recently put in place a record system identifying wallets authorities suspect are used for criminal money laundering.

 

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Jun 26, 2025

Aurora Mobile & VMS Group to invest in crypto

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Web3 & Enterprise·

Apr 02, 2024

Bithumb lowers fees and enhances UX to bolster competitiveness

One of South Korea's prominent cryptocurrency exchanges, Bithumb, has doubled down on its effort to solidify its position as a leading crypto trading platform in the country. Bithumb has recently announced its policy to offer the lowest withdrawal fees among all local crypto exchanges, while enhancing its user experience by upgrading the user interface (UI) and adding more features to its app, according to the local media outlet Kyunghyang Games.  Already one of the few qualified fiat-to-crypto exchanges in Korea and a member of Digital Asset eXchange Alliance (DAXA) – a consultation group of the top five local crypto exchanges – Bithumb aims to further strengthen its competitiveness in the market. Photo by Traxer on UnsplashLower withdrawal fees with trading fees already at 0.04%According to the press, Bithumb has announced to offer the lowest withdrawal fees in the local crypto scene to win the hearts and minds of investors. Under the updated fee policy, users are now charged 0.0008 BTC for withdrawing Bitcoin and 0.009 ETH for Ether. The exchange has also been known for offering one of the lowest trading fees at 0.04%.  Making the deposit limit increase easierBithumb has long been getting complaints from users over its relatively unfavorable user experience and cumbersome processes required to increase the deposit limit of their real-name accounts. In response, Bithumb has introduced a new in-app feature that simplifies such procedures, so that users can raise their deposit limit with ease.  Among users who joined Bithumb in March, those whose initial deposits have passed 30 days and who purchased crypto assets valued at over KRW five million ($3,700), are now eligible for the deposit limit raise, allowing them to deposit and withdraw up to KRW 500 million per day.  Enhanced user interface and user experience One of the newly added features is the "Even Faster Chart," which provides users with four times faster response times following its transition from "Web view" to "Native view."  Bithumb's Chief Operating Officer (COO), Moon Seon-il, stated that the exchange is improving its service in multiple ways, including offering the lowest fees, supporting multichain transactions and enhancing UI for users.  

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Apr 29, 2024

Mainland Chinese restrictions impact BTC and ETH ETFs in Hong Kong

Recent developments in the cryptocurrency market reveal that mainland Chinese citizens will face restrictions in purchasing Bitcoin and Ether exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in Hong Kong. This restriction stems from China's ban on crypto transactions, which has been in effect for several years. Bloomberg data analyst Jack Wang highlighted this issue, indicating that the upcoming launch of spot Bitcoin and Ether ETFs in Hong Kong will not facilitate market access for investors in mainland China.Photo by Traxer on UnsplashSpot Bitcoin and Ether ETFs approved in Hong KongDespite Hong Kong's approval of spot BTC and ETH ETFs, major Chinese asset managers such as China Asset Management, Harvest Global Investments, and Bosera have established these products through their Hong Kong subsidiaries. However, despite their close ties with mainland China, these ETF issuers are unable to offer Bitcoin or Ether exposure to investors within the jurisdiction due to regulatory constraints. Exclusion of mainland Chinese investorsWang emphasized during a Bloomberg webinar that mainland Chinese citizens will not be able to participate in these ETFs, citing a statement from the Chinese State Council issued in September 2021. This statement prohibits financial institutions from engaging in crypto-related transactions, including account creation, fund transfers, and clearing services. As a result, Chinese investors are unlikely to engage with these products in the short term. Impact on regulatory environment and market accessWang expressed skepticism about the potential impact of spot Bitcoin and Ether ETFs in Hong Kong on the regulatory environment in mainland China. He stated that the launch of these ETFs is unlikely to open the crypto market to Chinese investors in the foreseeable future. Thomas Zhu, head of digital assets at China Asset Management, noted that the eligibility of mainland Chinese investors to acquire crypto ETFs in Hong Kong depends on forthcoming regulatory modifications. He highlighted the Mainland-Hong Kong Stock Connect, which allows mainland investors to trade eligible Hong Kong stocks and ETFs since 2014. Comparison with U.S. Bitcoin ETF marketDespite optimism surrounding the launch of spot crypto ETFs in Hong Kong, Bloomberg analyst James Seyffart drew attention to the significant difference in market size between the U.S. and Hong Kong ETF markets. Seyffart pointed out that Bitcoin ETFs in the United States have more assets than all ETFs in Hong Kong combined, emphasizing the vast disparity in market scale and impact. As the launch date for spot Bitcoin and Ether ETFs in Hong Kong approaches, stakeholders continue to monitor regulatory developments and market dynamics closely. 

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