Kazakhstan Launches NPC With CBDC Implementation by 2025

Hong Kong Broadens Pilot Program for China’s Digital YuanA senior Hong Kong official announced last week that the Chinese autonomous territory plans to expand its pilot program of the e-CNY, China’s digital yuan, to include additional banks and payment platforms.Photo by Chi Lok TSANG on UnsplashDriving cross-border payment efficiencyThe e-CNY project is China’s ambitious endeavor to bring a digital counterpart to its national currency, the yuan, into mass market, everyday use. The primary objectives of this latest initiative are to enhance the efficiency and convenience of cross-border payments and to bolster greater use of the digital yuan on an international basis.Given Hong Kong’s status as a special administrative region of China and bearing in mind that it is a global financial hub, its role in the e-CNY project is likely to be of paramount importance to the Chinese administration.Hong Kong has been actively involved in the e-CNY project for some time. Previously, the local regulator, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), and the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) jointly explored and tested e-CNY’s feasibility and interoperability in cross-border scenarios.Ongoing collaborationOver the years, these two authorities have conducted numerous technical trials to assess the practicality of implementing the e-CNY. The PBOC initiated e-CNY testing in mainland cities in 2019, followed by cross-border trials involving Hong Kong and Macau. Collaboration between Hong Kong and the mainland relative to the digital yuan was initiated in December 2020 when a pilot program was launched.That program enabled Hong Kong residents to utilize e-CNY wallets for purchases at specified merchants in Shenzhen, aligning at the same time with a separate initiative, the objective of which is to achieve closer economic and social integration between Hong Kong, Macau, and nine cities in Guangdong province.Hong Kong and Mainland China had also partnered on technical testing in 2021 aimed at evaluating the technical feasibility, operational efficiency, regulatory implications, and legal considerations of employing the e-CNY for cross-border trade settlement between the two areas. That testing program is likely to be providing valuable insights, which Chinese authorities can use to expand the e-CNY’s scope and use cases relative to cross-border transactions.Completion of initial testing phaseHong Kong recently successfully concluded the first phase of its e-CNY trial, featuring local banks and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA). This phase primarily focused on assessing the technical feasibility of employing the e-CNY for cross-border payments between Hong Kong residents and mainland merchants.What Christopher Hui, Secretary for Hong Kong’s Financial Services and the Treasury, was referring to last week at a fintech event, is effectively the second phase of that overall trial program. This upcoming phase will involve a broader array of banks, payment service providers, and use cases, expanding the scope of e-CNY testing.Taking this latest development into account from the point of view of e-CNY development by the Chinese government, it’s patently obvious from the myriad of initiatives that keep coming week after week that the Chinese authorities are determined to drive the e-CNY towards ever greater real-world use.

South Korea is weighing a fiat-backed stablecoin, balancing monetary sovereignty against the fact that global stablecoins are dominated by the U.S. dollar while domestic payments are already near-instant.Photo by DrawKit Illustrations on UnsplashThin domestic need despite sovereignty aimsThe case for a won-pegged token is facing challenging headwinds. As a recent Korea Economic Daily report highlighted, skeptics argue the won's limited global demand and lack of reserve currency status would curb its adoption internationally. Domestically, the need is even less apparent. A study by NH Investment & Securities noted that with retail payments settling in seconds via biometrics or passwords, and with world-leading credit card and bank account penetration, the efficiency gains from a stablecoin are marginal at best. Despite this, the appeal of digital currencies is growing. Transactions in dollar-backed stablecoins USDT and USDC on Korea’s five main exchanges totaled nearly $71 billion between January and August, according to CryptoQuant. This rising adoption presents both an opportunity and a threat. While some analysts believe stablecoins could smooth exchange-rate volatility, the Bank of Korea (BOK) has expressed concern. In a recent working paper, Son Min-kyu of the central bank commented that the widespread use of dollar-backed stablecoins could entrench the dollar's dominance, while also amplifying run risk and market volatility in Treasuries during periods of stress. Scarce short-term collateralSeoul also faces a unique structural hurdle: a shortage of short-term government bonds to use as collateral. Unlike the U.S., where stablecoin issuers rely on a deep market for Treasury bills, Korea’s bond market is dominated by long-dated paper. Kim Pil-kyu of the Korea Capital Market Institute (KCMI) described short-term sovereign bills as vital for a stablecoin’s value preservation, a resource Korea currently lacks. As South Korea deliberates, other major economies are forging ahead on divergent paths. Japan is moving to authorize privately issued stablecoins this fall, while the European Union has brought them under its comprehensive Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation. UK’s cap plan clashes with pro-innovation pushThis regulatory balancing act is also playing out in the U.K., where a policy rift is emerging. According to the Financial Times, the Bank of England has proposed capping individual holdings of widely used stablecoins at £10,000–£20,000, with a £10 million limit for businesses. Industry groups argue the plan would be expensive to implement and could blunt the U.K.’s competitive edge in digital finance. The central bank's caution also contrasts with the government's pro-innovation stance, with finance minister Rachel Reeves recently pledging to promote the use of stablecoins and tokenized securities. For Seoul, the global shift toward tokenized money is undeniable. With seemingly limited domestic demand and various structural challenges, a won-backed stablecoin is, for now, an idea worth watching as the broader financial landscape evolves. 

Korea unveils detailed plan for retail CBDC transaction pilot with 100K participantsThe Bank of Korea (BOK), Financial Services Commission (FSC) and Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) jointly announced on Thursday (local time) their comprehensive plan to pilot a central bank digital currency (CBDC). This pilot program will concentrate on two key areas: retail transactions and technical experiments within simulated environments.For the retail transaction aspect, the test aims to give citizens direct experience in using the new digital currency, helping them understand its advantages. This practical approach will promote public familiarity with the CBDC.In terms of technical experiments, these will be conducted in partnership with various banks. The goal is to explore and develop methods for constructing a financial market infrastructure suitable for the future, leveraging the capabilities of the digital currency.Photo by Terrence Low on UnsplashRetail CBDC test to commence in Q4 2024The initiative to examine retail transactions using a CBDC is scheduled to begin in the fourth quarter of 2024. This test will focus on improving how vouchers work. Currently, the use of vouchers faces several challenges, such as high fees, complex and slow settlement procedures and the risk of fraudulent transactions. CBDC-based deposit tokens programmed with the digital voucher functionality could help solve these problems. The exploration of digital vouchers within the realm of CBDCs is not just a concern in Korea but also a topic of global interest.Banks that will participate in the CBDC retail transaction test are to be selected by the end of the third quarter of next year, following necessary procedures such as the financial regulatory sandbox policy. These selected banks will receive the green light to issue deposit tokens within this regulatory sandbox framework. They’ll be in charge of recruiting and managing test participants, which includes both individuals and merchants. Additionally, these banks will be responsible for developing digital wallets for users and handling payment transactions. On the other hand, any bank interested in joining technical experiments in simulated environments may apply to do so until mid-December this year.Citizens who want to take part in the retail transaction test for the CBDC can apply through the banks involved in the test. However, it’s important to note that since this CBDC utilization test is a limited trial, the number of participants will be limited to a maximum of 100,000.The retail transaction test for the CBDC will involve three stages: issuance, distribution and payment. Initially, banks will issue deposit tokens with digital voucher functions upon request. Users will then use these tokens to buy goods from merchants, with the transactions being settled accordingly. Before starting, the BOK, FSC and FSS will propose pilot tasks to the banks, following consultations with relevant agencies and the review of pertinent laws. Banks will also propose tasks related to the voucher function. During the test, these tokens will be used solely for digital voucher transactions, and peer-to-peer transfers won’t be allowed.Simulated environment experiments: three use casesFor technical experiments within simulated environments, the financial authorities have selected three use cases focused on examining the technical feasibility of new types of financial instruments.The first objective is to collaborate with Korea Exchange, the only securities exchange operator in the country, to connect the CBDC system with a carbon credit trading simulation platform. This platform will be based on an external distributed ledger. The key objective here is to assess if the “delivery versus payment” (DvP) mechanism between carbon credits and special payment tokens can function smoothly. DvP is a settlement method that ensures the transfer of securities occurs only after the corresponding payment is made.The second objective will see collaboration with the Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute (KFTC). In this scenario, a hypothetical issuer will release tokenized assets to the public through a public offering. To manage this, deposit tokens that match the subscription amount by investors will be temporarily frozen, preventing them from being liquidated. After the final allocation of these tokenized assets is determined, the system, using smart contracts, will automatically transfer funds equivalent only to the allocated tokenized assets.The last objective revolves around advancing the concept of a unified ledger introduced by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). In this endeavor, the BOK aims to issue digital demo securities within the CBDC system. Following this, an experiment will be conducted where financial institutions will have the opportunity to trade these digital securities using the institutional CBDC. This trading will be executed using the DvP method.