Chinese food company adds Bitcoin to balance sheet

Japanese blockchain infrastructure firm Soramitsu has been contracted by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) to work on a pilot program for the digital Pakistani rupee. Pakistan originally announced its intention to pursue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or digital rupee back in 2019. However, unlike other Asian nations such as China, Cambodia and Thailand, it has not taken much action to progress such a digital currency since then.SBP Governor Jameel Ahmad spoke at the Reuters NEXT Asia Summit in Singapore last month, outlining that the South Asian country was moving towards the establishment of a digital rupee and “building up [its] capacity” to launch it, and that a pilot project would be the next step. According to a report published by Nikkei Asia on Aug. 12, that pilot project is now underway.Photo by Hamid Roshaan on UnsplashCBDC specialistSoramitsu already has a wealth of experience in this field. In 2023, it signed a memorandum of understanding with the Laotian central bank to launch a proof-of-concept CBDC project, with the Tokyo-headquartered company going on to play a pivotal role in the issuance of Laos’ Digital Lao Kip.In Cambodia, it partnered with the National Bank of Cambodia to bring about the establishment of Bakong, Cambodia’s CBDC-like payment system. The company is also involved in CBDC projects in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, while spearheading a project aimed at enabling seamless cross-border payments among Asian countries. Japanese fundingIn the case of Pakistan’s pilot project, Soramitsu’s CBDC platform will facilitate the digital rupee while funding is being provided by the Global South Future-Oriented Co-Creation Project, an initiative from Japan’s Ministry of Economy that seeks to promote the formation of co-creation business models. Infrastructure, such as the internet and power, can be unstable in some parts of Pakistan. Consequently, the proposed CBDC will incorporate the ability for the user to transact with it using their smartphone, even if the phone doesn’t have an active internet connection. Digital transformationMasato Toriya, an associate professor at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and an expert on Pakistan, outlined the behavioral change that would be required in getting Pakistanis in rural areas to use such a currency. He stated: “Many transactions in rural areas are cash-based, even for wage payments, and the rate of people with bank accounts is low."  However, cash-based systems have significant overheads, and it's thought that a CBDC could reduce such costs considerably. Last month, the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics published an article written by Dr. Ahmed Fraz, an assistant professor of finance with the organization, in which he claimed that the digital rupee pilot project is part of a “profound digital transformation” that Pakistan is moving towards.  Dr. Fraz asserted that a CBDC would enhance financial inclusion in Pakistan through the reduction of transaction fees, digitization of welfare payments and the financial inclusion of millions of unbanked citizens within the formal economy.He added that the digital rupee “is not intended to replace existing payment systems immediately but to complement platforms” and to modernize Pakistan’s financial architecture.

Seychelles-incorporated crypto exchange platform Bitget recently released findings from a study on Bitcoin's upcoming halving, revealing that the vast majority of surveyed investors predict bitcoin will achieve a new all-time high (ATH) in 2024. Separately, other market commentators and analysts appear to be bullish on bitcoin ahead of the scheduled cut in Bitcoin mining rewards.Photo by Kanchanara on Unsplash84% anticipate new bitcoin ATHThe study, based on anonymized data from 9,748 participants worldwide, focused on investor perceptions surrounding the halving's impact on their investment decisions. 84% of participants anticipate a new ATH for bitcoin during the next bull run, with only East Europe showing a percentage lower than 80%. Over 50% predict bitcoin's price to be between $30,000 and $60,000 by the time the halving occurs in April. Meanwhile, 30% foresee the bitcoin unit price going higher than $60,000. Off the back of the data that has arisen via the study, Bitget managing director Gracy Chen suggested that it is indicative that 2024 will be a significant year for the bitcoin market. Crypto investment plansApproximately 70% express plans to increase their crypto investments, with the highest conviction in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and East Europe regions. Western European investors are characterized as "short-term cautious" and "long-term optimistic." In addition to the Bitget study, many market commentators appear to have arrived at a similar conclusion. In July of last year, Standard Chartered Bank forecasted a 2024 unit price for bitcoin of $120,000. The bank reaffirmed that view last month, going further still in stating that by 2025, it expected bitcoin to reach a price of $200,000, largely due to capital inflows into spot bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which were approved in the United States in January. Broader market sentimentTaking to social media on Monday, crypto analyst Charles Edwards of Capriole Investments proposed a potential 500% price return for bitcoin if a bullish halving pattern plays out. Edwards envisions bitcoin reaching $280,000 in 2025. Like Standard Chartered, he cites the January bitcoin ETF launch as the driving force, likening it to a "second halving." He argues that major technological developments have historically seen quicker rates of adoption. Crypto trading analyst Michaël van de Poppe predicts a pre-halving surge to $48,000 and an eventual breakout toward an all-time high in Q3/Q4 of 2024. The next Bitcoin halving is expected in April 2024, historically associated with increased scarcity and subsequent price surges. Pseudonymous macroeconomist @Micro2Macr0 took to the X social media platform on Monday, stating:"Only 2.5 months till the #Bitcoin #Halving. The world is getting more unstable and you have the greatest hedge ever invented sitting in front of you. What are you waiting for?"  Meanwhile, "British HODL" warned that recent developments may result in a break from previous trading patterns. He stated:"Everyone says 12 months after the halving the shock starts for #Bitcoin price. . . . I think there is a high likelihood that the ETF’s change the cycle you’re expecting. Be aware of that.”

Singaporean Researchers Devise More Effective DAO VotingResearchers at the Singapore University of Social Sciences have come up with a more efficient governance model for decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).Photo by Shubham Dhage on UnsplashDAO governance reviewThe scientists presented their work via a paper titled “Voting Schemes in DAO Governance,” which was published earlier this week. The paper is due to appear in the Annual Review of Fintech in due course.The research paper initially sets out with a review of the different forms of voting currently used to affect DAO governance in the various early stage projects that are already up and running. Having taken a deep dive into existing approaches, the research team of Qinxu Ding, Weibiao Xu, Zhiguo Wang and David Kuo Chuen Lee decided that they could go one better themselves.Their review encompassed eight current approaches including the following: token-based quorum voting, knowledge-extractable voting, conviction voting and reputation-based voting. Each voting scheme was then evaluated based on the following factors:Efficiency: An assessment of the speed at which proposals are selected and approved.Fairness: Each voter should have equal rights to vote.Scalability: The degree to which storage, computation and communication needs can be adjusted relative to the number of voters.Robustness: An assessment of the relative resistance of the voting scheme to attacks and collusion.Incentive Schemes: The extent to which DAO members are motivated to vote.Following on from that analysis, the scientists put forward a hypothetical voting mechanism with design considerations relative to fully decentralized and permissionless DAO governance. When it came to ratings, the holographic consensus approach scored highest, with a “high” rating in the categories of efficiency, fairness and robustness, dropping down to medium when it came to scalability. None of the other approaches came close.In trying to go one better, the team took the holographic consensus approach and set out to create their own hypothetical voting mechanism based on this model. As evidenced from the paper, they tried to effect improvements to this approach:“We know that the downside of the conviction voting mechanism is that it takes time to approve an urgent proposal. To address this concern, we introduce a blind betting mechanism: each member could choose whether to bet on any proposals with a certain number of their tokens.”The researcher’s hypothetical model allows stakeholders to gamble their tokens on the likelihood of a proposal passing or failing. The logic with this approach, they claim, is that it would speed up the governance process, while making it more robust at the same time.In concluding remarks, the researchers acknowledged that all approaches were not without their pros and cons. They point out that the further development of DAOs shouldn’t be confined to a static organizational future. While they believe that their own hypothetical scheme is in theory superior, they acknowledge that it too has flaws. With that, the realities of implementing it in the real world may be a challenge.