Bank of Korea Explores Jeju, Busan, and Incheon for Citizen-Centric CBDC Pilot Test

South Korea’s retail-heavy crypto market is losing momentum ahead of broader institutional access to trading. Data from the Financial Services Commission (FSC) and the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS), cited by Financial News, shows that in the first half of 2025, Korean-won balances held at the country’s five licensed fiat-to-crypto exchanges sank 42% to 6.2 trillion won ($4.4 billion), signaling less dry powder waiting on the sidelines for trading. Only five platforms are permitted to support won-denominated trading, and the drop in parked cash underscores a broader cooling. By the end of June, the Korean crypto market cap stood at 95.1 trillion won ($67.5 billion), down 14% from six months earlier. The global market also contracted, but the decline was more modest at about 7% over the same period.Photo by Y K on UnsplashTrading slows but retail base expandsTrading activity eased as well. Average daily volumes across 25 domestic virtual asset service providers (VASPs) fell 12% to 6.4 trillion won ($4.5 billion) in the first half. Paradoxically, the number of market participants climbed 11% to 107.7 million across those platforms. Nearly all were individuals, as only 220 were institutions, reflecting long-standing restrictions on institutional won trading. That retail skew has consequences. Data submitted by the FSS to a lawmaker, cited by Digital Asset, reveals that the top 10% of users by trading volume accounted for roughly 90% of activity at the five fiat on-ramps. By exchange, the figures were Upbit (89.36%), Bithumb (97.97%), Coinone (97.54%), Korbit (97.52%), and Gopax (97.95%).  Market lawyers warn that this concentration heightens manipulation risk. Lee Seung-min of SEUM Law Firm said volatility may be more pronounced in tokens listed only on Korean venues, but added that deeper institutional participation could help reduce such volatility and support longer market cycles.  Regulators are inching in that direction. Earlier this year, authorities allowed universities and nonprofits to sell their crypto holdings. By year-end, the FSC plans to let about 3,500 publicly traded companies and professional investors, excluding financial institutions, open accounts at the licensed platforms for trading. Exchanges pour cash into promotionsWhile regulators are preparing to bring more institutional players into the fold, exchanges continue their long-running effort to draw in retail users. Another Digital Asset report noted that from 2023 through July 2025, promotional outlays by the five won-enabled platforms totaled 190.3 billion won ($135 million). Bithumb alone accounted for 180.3 billion won ($128 million), far outspending Upbit (9.4 billion won), Coinone (1.7 billion won), Korbit (1.6 billion won), and Gopax (100 million won). The gap suggests Bithumb, which ranks second in market share, has pursued a particularly aggressive approach to expand its customer base. Taken together, the numbers depict a subdued market, with less capital parked on exchanges and lighter trading while activity remains heavily concentrated among a small cohort of traders. Even so, the expanding base of individual accounts represents a bright spot, underscoring the market’s continued dependence on retail investors. If policymakers follow through on opening the door to a broader set of corporate and professional players later this year, Korea’s crypto landscape could shift from retail-driven fluctuations toward steadier, institution-supported flows. 

The trading volume of South Korean cryptocurrency exchange Bithumb exceeded that of its competitor Upbit as of 10:30 a.m. UTC on Wednesday, as reported by the local news outlet Etnews, which cited data from CoinMarketCap. This shift occurred for the first time in four years. According to CoinMarketCap, as of the specified time, Bithumb's 24-hour trading volume reached KRW 4.93 trillion (approximately $3.8 billion), surpassing Upbit, which recorded a volume of KRW 4.37 trillion. Until 2019, Bithumb was the leading exchange in Korea. However, it ceded its top position to Upbit, which gained a competitive edge through its collaboration with the internet-only bank, Kbank.Photo by Pierre Borthiry - Peiobty on UnsplashZero trading fees and new crypto listingsEarlier in the year, Bithumb initiated a strategic plan with the objective of boosting its trading volume in order to increase its market share in the domestic market to 25%. To achieve this goal, the exchange implemented several key initiatives. One of the significant steps taken was the elimination of trading fees, aimed at attracting more users and increasing transaction volumes. Additionally, Bithumb broadened its cryptocurrency offerings by listing prominent cryptocurrencies such as Tether (USDT) and WEMIX.Questioned sustainability of strategiesIn anticipation of crypto winter giving way to crypto spring, trading platforms are gearing up for more intense competition to increase their market shares. However, there are concerns about the sustainability of strategies like implementing zero trading fees. Critics argue that such policies, while they may temporarily shift market shares, are unlikely to be successful in the long term. This skepticism is largely due to the fact that cryptocurrency exchanges heavily rely on trading fees as a primary source of revenue.  An industry expert has pointed out that unless the cryptocurrency exchanges currently lagging behind develop innovative, paradigm-shifting strategies capable of significantly impacting the market landscape, there's a high likelihood that the ranking order will revert to the previously established, entrenched market order.  In fact, at the time of this publication, Upbit upended Bithumb in 24-hour trading volume, recording KRW 4.4 trillion compared to Bithumb's KRW 3.2 trillion. This data underscores Upbit's strong position in the market, illustrating its continued dominance.

Upbit Adds Polygon Staking ServiceDunamu, the blockchain and fintech firm that operates South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange Upbit, announced on Wednesday (local time) the addition of Polygon’s MATIC to Upbit’s staking service, now available via the Upbit website and mobile application.Photo by GuerrillaBuzz on UnsplashStaking is a service where users entrust their cryptocurrency to a blockchain network to boost its security and receive virtual assets as rewards. The virtual assets deposited by staking users are used in the transaction verification process of generating new blocks in the blockchain network of the respective asset. Users are then rewarded with virtual assets for their participation in the process.Polygon is an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution that allows developers to build various decentralized applications (DApps) within the Ethereum ecosystem. Its native token is called MATIC.Expanded staking optionsAny Upbit user who has completed the Know Your Customer (KYC) process and enabled two-factor authentication can participate in staking on Upbit. The minimum staking amount is 2.7 MATIC. Users who participate in staking receive rewards once every day. They can also unstake their tokens at any time they want.“At Upbit, we utilize our world-class security measures, robust infrastructure, and years of technological expertise to operate validators and stake users’ assets for them,” the exchange said. “Users’ crypto assets that are used in staking are safely stored in a cold wallet.”Dunamu officially launched the Upbit Staking service in January of last year, serving as an intermediary in the complex staking process. The service aims to facilitate the convenient and secure staking of virtual assets. With the latest addition of Polygon, the exchange now supports a total of five staking options, namely Ethereum, Cosmos, Cardano, Solana, and Polygon.New NFT collectionsThe exchange’s non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace, Upbit NFT, also recently opened trading, deposits, and withdrawals for new NFT collections based on Ethereum and Polygon. To celebrate this additional functionality, Upbit NFT will conduct Ethereum giveaway events for lucky participants until next Wednesday.