HKMA reflects on retail CBDC pilot phase one completion

South Korea’s financial regulator is preparing a second major cryptocurrency bill that would expand investor protections, strengthen stablecoin safeguards, and potentially impose governance changes at the country’s largest exchanges, as domestic token projects warn that regulatory uncertainty is curbing growth. The Financial Services Commission (FSC) is drafting the Digital Asset Basic Act, a so-called “phase two” bill that follows an earlier virtual asset user protection regime which took effect in July 2024. According to Yonhap News, the bill is expected to address stablecoin risks by requiring issuers to hold reserve assets in instruments such as bank deposits and government bonds, and to deposit or place in trust at least 100% of outstanding issuance with banks or other designated custodians. It would also extend existing financial-sector rules to crypto firms in areas including disclosures, terms and conditions, and advertising. In addition, the proposal could impose no-fault liability on virtual asset service providers for losses stemming from hacks or system failures, in line with standards under Korea’s Electronic Financial Transactions Act, which governs traditional financial institutions and payment services.Photo by Timothy Ries on UnsplashGovernance dominance at exchangesA separate report by KBS said the draft bill includes measures to overhaul governance at South Korea’s four major crypto exchanges—Upbit, Bithumb, Coinone, and Korbit—which together serve about 11 million users. The FSC has raised concerns about concentrated control by founders and major shareholders, and is considering a governance framework similar to that applied to alternative trading systems (ATS) under Korea’s Capital Markets Act. That could include limits designed to prevent any single shareholder from holding too much control, capping controlling stakes at around 15% to 20%. Under Korea’s current Capital Markets Act, an ATS is generally barred from holding more than 15% of voting shares, including those held by related parties, with limited exceptions allowing stakes of up to 30%. If similar limits were applied to crypto exchanges, the changes could affect Dunamu, the operator of Upbit. Dunamu Chairman Song Chi-hyung holds a stake in the mid-20% range and, under the proposal as described, could face pressure to sell roughly 10% of his holdings. The proposal could have implications for the deal, as Dunamu is pursuing a merger with Naver Financial through a comprehensive stock swap. While the bill’s broad outlines are taking shape, regulators are still working to narrow differences over stablecoin rules, and the final proposal is expected to be submitted to the National Assembly next year. Key unresolved issues include eligibility requirements for stablecoin issuers, whether to establish an interagency consultative body during the licensing process, initial capital thresholds, and whether a single entity should be allowed to both issue and distribute stablecoins. The core dispute centers on who should be allowed to issue stablecoins. The Bank of Korea is said to favor limiting issuance to consortia in which banks hold at least a 51% stake, while the FSC is believed to oppose writing a mandatory bank ownership threshold into law, arguing that such a requirement could limit broader participation by technology firms. ‘Kimchi coin’ listings stall amid cautionEven as policymakers push ahead, regulatory uncertainty is curbing growth among South Korean blockchain projects. News1 reported that Upbit listed only one token from a domestic project in 2025, out of 54 tokens added for trading since the start of the year—the native token of Story, a peer-to-peer intellectual property network powered by blockchain and co-founded by Korean entrepreneur Lee Seung-yoon. Upbit also removed 10 tokens during the period, seven of which were so-called “kimchi coins,” a colloquial term for tokens originating in South Korea or developed by Korean teams. Industry participants attribute the removals to increasingly risk-averse behavior by exchanges amid regulatory uncertainty, which can complicate promotional efforts and trust-building while constraining early-stage liquidity. TradFi players seek crypto integrationsWhile local token projects face headwinds, interest from traditional financial institutions appears to be picking up. Chosun Biz reported that Mirae Asset Financial Group is considering an acquisition of Korbit, with its non-financial affiliate Mirae Asset Consulting seen as a potential buyer of shares from major shareholders NXC and SK Planet. Industry analysts estimate the deal could be worth up to 140 billion won ($97 million). The group’s founder, Park Hyeon-joo, has said he is developing a strategy to bridge traditional and digital assets, arguing that it is time to prepare for the next wave of financial innovation. In payments, EBN Industrial News reported that BC Card has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with U.S.-based crypto exchange Coinbase to test USDC payments in South Korea. The pilot would integrate BC Card’s QR payment system with wallets on Coinbase’s Base blockchain to assess whether USDC can function as a viable payment method at local merchants. 

Aptos charts success in South Korea through bridging Web2 and Web3Aptos, a major layer 1 blockchain network developed by the experts behind Meta’s canceled stablecoin payment system Diem, is growing in South Korea. In a recent Aptos Day conference held at the Hashed Lounge in Seoul, the Aptos team shared its vision for developing its ecosystem in Korea and attracting users by actively bringing content from Web2 to Web3, instead of simply focusing on cultivating a Web3-only ecosystem.Photo by GuerrillaBuzz on UnsplashDavid Wolinsky, a software engineer at Aptos and a former developer at Facebook, presented Aptos’ key advantages and achievements since its launch last year and outlined the blockchain’s future plans for growth.High-speed Web3 powerhouseIn particular, he highlighted Aptos’ high compatibility with social media, its solid security framework built with the Move programming language and a rapid processing speed of up to 200,000 transactions per second (TPS) — with a time to finality (TTF) of less than one second. Thanks to this impressive speed, Wolinsky explained, lots of projects have onboarded the network, which is anticipated to grow into a bigger ecosystem with more decentralized applications (dApps).Aptos has also carried out over 300 million transactions since its launch in October of last year, creating seven million unique addresses. Just two months following its launch, there were already over 200 projects on the blockchain. Aptos could thus play a significant role in revolutionizing Web3, which is currently dominated by the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM).Facilitating the transition from Web2 to Web3To grow the ecosystem further, Wolinsky emphasized the importance of bringing Web2 users to Web3 in an efficient and seamless manner. Aptos aims to achieve this by facilitating the creation of Aptos-based wallets through integration with platforms like Facebook, X (formerly Twitter) and Google, allowing users to enjoy various dApps.Wolinsky also noted that Aptos uses Move — an open-source programming language developed by Facebook for writing smart contracts on the Diem blockchain — which is designed to be developer-friendly, employing similar mechanisms that developers generally use to build applications on Web2. This language can attract not only Web2 users but also Web2 developers who are transitioning to Web3 without worrying about the complexity of the process. Aptos argues that Move is more secure than EVM’s Solidity language.Positive prospects in KoreaAptos also regards Korea as a key market for growth, as Korean developers are actively contributing to the Aptos ecosystem and providing helpful feedback. The blockchain disclosed that as of Q3 this year, Korea has 13 Aptos validators — second only after the U.S., which has 14.Christie Lee, Head of Business Development and Partnerships in Korea at Aptos, argued that Korea is innovating the most at the larger corporate level while also contributing to the ecosystem. Lots of endeavors are playing out in the Korean market, she said, as regulatory restrictions in fields like gaming, entertainment, finance and more are starting to loosen.She also added that the Korean market is not only driven by innovation from large companies but also by small developers who can contribute to the ecosystem, noting that the market is a favorable environment for developers to thrive. In addition, Korean users are sensitive to trends and adept at incorporating technology, which would allow them to quickly adopt Web3 culture.

Wemade has signed an agreement with Swedish gaming company Crypto Rogue Games to onboard the developer’s blockchain game Crystals of Naramunz to WEMIX PLAY, according to an official press release on Tuesday (KST).Photo by Anas Alshanti on Unsplash“Our collaboration represents a convergence of expertise and creativity,” said Åke Andre, CEO of the development studio. “Crypto Rogue Games is thrilled to announce our partnership with WEMIX PLAY. This marks a significant milestone in our vision to reach the pinnacle of excellence in the Action RPG genre by providing everlasting experiences and value to our players.” Post-apocalyptic funCrystals of Naramunz is an upcoming free-to-play action role-playing game (RPG) set in a post-apocalyptic steampunk world called Naramunz. Players can explore Naramunz, which is characterized by ruins and dungeons, maximize the benefits of their in-game items and skills, and collect and trade in-game assets. The game also features fast and explosive action sequences, character upgrades and a barter economy. Unveiling potentialCrypto Rogue Games recently held an Alpha playtest for Crystals of Naramunz to gather feedback and assess improvements that can be made. A report published on the game’s official Medium page disclosed that reactions were positive, noting strengths and weaknesses of the game in its current stage of development. Crypto Rogue Games is led by a team of industry veterans from various RPG projects like the Path of Exile series and Pillars of Eternity, as well as the strategic simulation game Stellaris.