Emurgo Looks to Fill in Missing Cardano Ecosystem Components

Korean Financial Regulator Reveals Crypto Accounting Guidelines to Prevent Inflated Company ValuationsThe Korean Financial Services Commission (FSC) has announced new regulations to address accounting uncertainties in the blockchain industry, according to local news outlet KBS News. The rapid growth of the industry and the increasing impact of cryptocurrency transactions on corporate accounting have resulted in confusion due to the lack of clear guidelines.Last month, the National Assembly’s plenary session passed the Virtual Asset User Protection Bill, emphasizing the need for improved regulation. In line with this development, the FSC has introduced practical guidelines and measures to resolve accounting uncertainties.The FSC has introduced two measures to achieve this goal: virtual asset accounting guidelines and mandatory disclosure of virtual assets in annotations within financial statements.Photo by Beatriz Pérez Moya on UnsplashAccounting guidelinesThe virtual asset accounting guidelines state that when an issuer sells virtual assets to a customer, they must fulfill all obligations, such as the sales process, in order to recognize it as revenue. Any costs incurred during the issuance of a virtual asset and the creation of its platform should be recognized as expenses, unless there is clear evidence that these activities specifically contribute to the development of the virtual asset. Additionally, any reserved virtual assets after issuance cannot be treated as assets on the company’s balance sheet. These guidelines aim to prevent companies from artificially inflating the value of their companies using virtual assets.When recognizing virtual assets as assets or liabilities, virtual asset service providers (VASPs) must consider the concept of economic control. Economic control refers to the entity’s authority to dispose of a virtual asset without needing customer authorization.Virtual assets in annotationsFurthermore, companies are obligated to disclose their virtual asset transactions and holdings in annotations to the financial statement. This requirement ensures that users of corporate accounting information have sufficient details. Public companies holding virtual assets for investment purposes must state the basis for classifying the assets as assets or liabilities. They must also provide the book and market values of their virtual assets in their financial statements.Companies that have created or issued virtual assets are required to provide comprehensive information about the quantity and characteristics of these assets. They must also explain their revenue recognition methodology in the event of asset sales. Companies must provide disclosure regarding the historical utilization of cryptocurrencies that have been issued but remain unsold. This disclosure includes various factors such as portfolios and volumes.VASPs must disclose the volume and market value of virtual assets entrusted to them by customers for each asset, regardless of whether these assets are recognized as assets or liabilities. VASPs also have to provide information about the level of protection measures they have implemented to mitigate risks such as hacking.The FSC expects that these measures will enable readers of financial statements to make meaningful comparisons between VASPs while ensuring the provision of reliable information.The accounting guidelines, after incorporating industry feedback, are expected to undergo deliberations and resolutions by both the accounting standards review committee and the Korean Securities and Futures Commission, as per local news outlet Kyunghyang Shinmun. Once the guidelines receive final approval, they will be promulgated and implemented immediately. This process is anticipated to take place between October and November.Meanwhile, the inclusion of virtual asset disclosures in the annotations of financial statements will be enforced next January.

With Kazakhstan having recently indicated that it would create a national crypto reserve, the administrators of Kazakhstan’s existing sovereign fund now want to invest in crypto assets as well. According to a report published by Kursiv, a business media outlet covering Central Asia, the Kazakhstani authorities are planning to invest a portion of the country’s existing gold and foreign exchange reserves in crypto assets. The publication outlined that this was conveyed by Timur Suleimenov, governor of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, in a recent press conference. Photo by ANSAR ARCHITECTS on UnsplashFollowing an international investment trendHe stated that the country has a portfolio of alternative investments, which includes gold and foreign exchange reserves. Within that particular portfolio, more aggressive investment strategies are pursued in an effort to generate higher investment returns. He added: “We looked at the experience of the Norwegian fund, the American experience, and the experience of Middle East funds. They have certain investments in either crypto assets directly, or in ETFs and shares of companies that are closely related to crypto assets. They are very small.” In 2024, it emerged that Norway’s sovereign wealth fund had indirect exposure to 2,446 Bitcoin. By January of this year, the sovereign fund had increased its indirect exposure further through an investment in pioneering American Bitcoin treasury firm Strategy (formerly MicroStrategy). In the Middle East, the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), which manages the Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund, has been exposing the fund to Bitcoin indirectly through investments in BlackRock’s spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF), IBIT. Considering asset volatilityWhile moving towards a crypto investment within the alternative investments portfolio, Suleimenov struck a cautious note, stating: “This is not an easy question, so there is no need to rush here. Yes, such assets can bring high returns, but at the same time they are characterized by high volatility.” This latest development in Kazakhstan coincides with the release of a report by German multinational investment bank, Deutsche Bank. The research report has found that Bitcoin has reached a new all-time-high unit price amid a dramatic drop in the volatility of the leading digital asset when compared with times past.  The bank explained that this was a sign of a maturing market, while suggesting that Bitcoin’s volatility is likely to decline further as adoption grows. Reduced volatility is making crypto assets like Bitcoin more appealing to long-term capital allocators like sovereign wealth funds and pension funds. In an interview with Bloomberg back in May, Mike Novogratz, founder and CEO of American digital assets firm Galaxy Digital, said that he has had conversations with heads of large sovereign wealth funds that have said “if America is buying Bitcoin, we’re buying Bitcoin.”In March, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order setting out the establishment of a strategic Bitcoin reserve in the United States. In moving to establish a crypto reserve in Kazakhstan recently, Suleimenov suggested that international practice demonstrates that such a reserve may include confiscated crypto-assets, with Kazakhstan planning to proceed with the formation of the reserve on that basis.

China Furthers Efforts to Shape the MetaverseFindings by US political media outlet POLITICO suggest that Chinese authorities and state-owned companies are seeking to mold the metaverse in line with existing systems in China such as the country’s social credit scoring system.The concept of the metaverse entails a network of interconnected immersive virtual worlds powered by virtual reality, augmented reality, and simulations. Development in this area is centered around applications such as online gaming and virtual events.Photo by Hanson Lu on UnsplashDigital Identity SystemIn a report published on Sunday, POLITICO referenced recently drafted proposals put forward by China Mobile, a state-owned telecoms operator. The proposals outline a “Digital Identity System” for users within online virtual worlds and metaverses.These proposals recommend the use of “natural characteristics” and “social characteristics” within digital IDs, encompassing personal data such as occupation, “identifiable signs,” and other attributes. Moreover, they suggest storing this information “permanently” and sharing it with law enforcement to ensure order and safety within the virtual realm.Setting agreed benchmarks for emerging techThe proposals present a hypothetical scenario involving a disruptive user named Tom, who causes turmoil in the metaverse. The digital identity system, according to these proposals, would facilitate prompt identification and punishment by law enforcement.These discussions are occurring within the framework of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a United Nations (UN) agency responsible for establishing global technology standards. This strategy echoes China’s endeavor to set worldwide benchmarks for emerging technologies.The ITU, as a UN agency, holds significant sway in defining global telecommunications and technology infrastructure standards. Given that the US and China have quite different outlooks when it comes to technology governance, particularly the future development of the internet and related technologies, the ITU has become a means through which common ground can be found and differences resolved.Upcoming vote on proposalsChina Mobile’s proposals, presented during the ITU’s metaverse focus group meeting, are poised to be voted on during the next meeting in October in Geneva. The company is the largest mobile operator by subscriber base. Demonstrative of ongoing tensions that exist between the US and China, the company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange in 2021 following a US executive order.Chinese organizations are reportedly submitting more proposals than their Western counterparts, demonstrating that China is very much taking a lead in metaverse development. It’s evident that there is a clear strategy for China to establish itself in furthering this technology.In May, Alibaba Cloud, a subsidiary of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, entered into a partnership with layer one blockchain Avalanche to better enable businesses to deploy metaverses. Around the same time, an administrative body within China’s Henan Province established a $22 million dollar investment fund, focused on financing metaverse-related ventures.Later that month, the city of Zhengzhou announced a set of policy proposals designed to support the growth and development of metaverse companies in the region.Within the Chinese autonomous territory of Hong Kong too, there has been plenty of metaverse-related activity. Metaverse start-up Artifact Labs completed a funding round with a view towards expanding its operations. The city is home to Animoca Brands, a prominent player in metaverse-related development.