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Bank of Japan Publishes Results of CBDC PoCThe Bank of Japan (BoJ) recently concluded the second phase of its central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof of concept (PoC) project, which began in April. The results of this phase were published on Monday, and they shed light on key aspects such as the comparison between account-based and token-based CBDCs and the management of holding limits for users with multiple accounts.Photo by Manuel Cosentino on UnsplashToken-based CBDCsThe experiments conducted by the central bank covered a wide range of topics. Among the most intriguing findings were the advantages and disadvantages of token-based CBDCs and how to effectively impose holding limits for users with multiple CBDC balances.Token-based CBDCs have garnered interest from various central banks, with some adopting the UTXO token model used by Bitcoin without the use of a distributed ledger. A UTXO or unspent transaction output, defines where a blockchain transaction starts and finishes. The Bank of Japan explored this model and analyzed its pros and cons.In the initial proof of concept, both account-based and token-based CBDCs were examined, considering scenarios where the central bank managed the ledger or shared it with intermediaries like banks. In the token-based model, fixed token denominations were used, similar to physical cash in countries like India, and a centralized ledger was employed. However, in the recent phase, the central bank utilized flexible value tokens similar to UTXO and shared ledger functions with intermediaries.The Bank of Japan favored the flexible value token model due to its ability to handle multiple requests simultaneously. However, it acknowledged that this model may require more technical resources compared to the account-based approach. Challenges may arise when implementing additional functions, such as holding limits, while maintaining optimal performance. The European Central Bank (ECB) also noted in a recent report that most payment providers are accustomed to account-based payments and would incur costs to adapt to token-based systems.Another significant aspect explored by the BoJ was how to impose holding limits when users have multiple CBDC balances through different intermediaries. The challenge lies in determining if the overall holding limit has been breached without compromising user privacy.Homomorphic encryptionOne possible solution discussed in the report is the use of homomorphic encryption, which enables computations to be performed on encrypted data without it first needing to be decrypted. That allows for the necessary checks without intermediaries accessing the specific data being checked. Although this solution may slightly increase processing time, it could introduce a higher risk of data inconsistencies.Alternatively, a simpler approach proposed by the central bank is to establish a per-account holding limit and a limit on the number of accounts a single user can hold, rather than imposing global limits. Ideally, users with multiple accounts would have a higher per-account holding limit compared to those with fewer accounts.Phase 3 underwayWith the next pilot phase already underway, the BoJ aims to test the end-to-end process flow and identify challenges related to integrating with external systems. Additionally, they are creating a CBDC Forum to gather input from the private sector, ensuring a collaborative approach to CBDC development.While investigation and research into CBDCs continues, the BoJ has said that it will make a final decision on CBDC implementation by 2026.

Haru Invest Considers Server Suspension as Troubles PersistIn the wake of halting withdrawals in June, Haru Invest, a Singapore-headquartered cryptocurrency platform, is contemplating the suspension of its server. This decision is part of the firm’s ongoing efforts to streamline operations and reduce maintenance costs.Photo by David Guenther on UnsplashCost reductionCEO Hugo Lee made the announcement on Monday, underscoring the significant burden of server maintenance costs on the company’s finances. He acknowledged that this cost represents a substantial portion of their fixed expenses and is thus a top priority for the firm.Lee disclosed:“We plan to suspend the service in a few weeks, backing up all member information.”However, he also noted that the company is yet to finalize a concrete plan for the server suspension.The move to shut down the server aligns with Haru Invest’s broader strategy to lower all costs associated with its services. Lee explained:“Some of the current fixed expenditures include the upkeep of Haru Invest services, the cost of workspace like the office, and the cost of communication with our members.”The company is actively seeking ways to reduce these expenses and preserve its assets.Asset distributionAdditionally, Lee assured users that the assets conserved thus far would be included in the distribution to those who have had their funds locked on the platform since June, offering a glimmer of hope to impacted users.Nevertheless, the announcement of the server suspension has raised concerns within the Haru Invest community. Some users have expressed skepticism about the purported high costs of server maintenance, believing the firm’s claim to be exaggerated.One user, voicing this discontent, commented on Haru Invest’s Telegram channel, “Server costs cost nothing.” Another remarked: “Servers are gone soon guys, huge costs, 200 USD a month.” According to industry standards, the maintenance costs for running a server for a small to medium-sized business typically range between $35 to $500 per month.Unhappy platform usersLee’s statement regarding the impending server suspension follows the platform’s earlier decision to terminate deposits and withdrawals in June. This decision was coupled with the closure of Haru Invest’s offices and the dismissal of numerous employees, as reported by local news agencies.Haru Invest attributed these issues to the fraudulent activities of the consignment operator B&S Holdings, formerly known as Aventus. While some investors accused the firm of orchestrating a “rug pull,” Haru Invest denied these allegations and maintained its innocence. One user posted the following claim on X (formerly Twitter) last week: “Rugpull. If justice is served, the scammers will be behind bars.”In a bid to address concerns over its corporate rehabilitation application, Lee appeared in court in September, emphasizing that Haru Invest was actively cooperating with investigating agencies. However, the company has yet to provide a timeline for the recovery of users’ assets as of early October.Lee also addressed the matter in Monday’s statement: “We are also responding to the rehabilitation proceedings that some of our members have filed with the court as mentioned in our previous announcement, in addition to actively cooperating with other authorities’ investigations. ”Haru Invest is reportedly facing a class-action lawsuit with disgruntled investors alleging fraud.

GroundX to Bring NFT Activities to 2023 Seoul Light Hangang Bitseom FestivalGroundX, the blockchain subsidiary of South Korean conglomerate Kakao, said Tuesday that it will host NFT-related activities at Seoul’s largest laser art festival, the 2023 Seoul Light Hangang Bitseom Festival, from October 6 to 15 in collaboration with the Seoul Metropolitan Government and other affiliates like LG Uplus and the Seoul Foundation for Arts and Culture.Photo by Wes Hicks on UnsplashMerging physical activity, learning, and artThe activities will fall under the theme of “3L”: Light Run, Laser Art, and Lecture. Light Run is a four-kilometer running course scheduled for October 6 and 14, for which GroundX will mint NFT certificates for participants who complete the course. The NFTs will contain information about the participant, as well as the date of the event and a record of completion. They will then automatically be sent to and stored in the participant’s Klip wallet, GroundX’s digital wallet service, and can be accessed at any time on the Klip app and KakaoTalk Wallet.GroundX said that it will also showcase digital artworks by eight artists, including Kim Duk-ki, Han Seung-ku, and Berry Kim. These works will be displayed on LED platforms installed at the Banpo and Ichon Hangang Parks.Kim Tae-keun, Head of Business at GroundX, is set to participate as a lecturer for the Bitseom Lecture segment on October 8, where he will discuss NFT art and the company’s vision for the media art industry. Bitseom Lecture is an outdoor art convergence lecture program that introduces immersive media artworks and technology in virtual reality (VR) and extended reality (XR).Bringing the NFT experience to Seoul“We hope that citizens visiting the Bitseom Festival will be able to get the real NFT experience through our media art displays, lectures, and running course completion certificates,” GroundX said. “We will continue to collaborate with various organizations and create NFT use cases through participation in offline festivals and events.”