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BOK Staffers Assess Crypto Market Vulnerabilities and Their ImplicationsOn Thursday, the Bank of Korea’s (BOK) staff members published an assessment of the vulnerabilities in the cryptocurrency market and their potential implications. Here is the summary of the report.Photo by D Tan on Unsplash2022 crypto winterThroughout 2022, the worldwide crypto market faced a series of adverse occurrences, such as significant drops in the prices of major crypto-assets and the collapse of prominent crypto companies. These events shed light on the vulnerabilities that had accumulated during the rapid growth of the market.The first major event occurred in May 2022 when the algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD experienced a sharp decline, resulting in substantial losses and bankruptcies for numerous retail investors and crypto firms. This incident significantly eroded confidence in the overall crypto market. The subsequent bankruptcies of prominent crypto lender Celsius and hedge fund Three Arrows Capital (3AC) further highlighted the realization of risks commonly associated with traditional financial markets, such as multiple collateral loans and maturity and liquidity mismatches, within the crypto market.In November 2022, the well-known crypto exchange FTX filed for bankruptcy, demonstrating that the activities of a large crypto company can propagate risks through moral hazard and excessive profit-seeking behavior when it operates outside the realm of regulatory oversight.Similarities with TradFiThese negative events that unfolded in the global crypto market in 2022 share similarities with issues previously observed in financial markets, such as unsustainable business models, liquidity risk, leverage, and lack of transparency in financial conditions. These parallels suggest that if the crypto markets were subjected to comparable levels of regulation as traditional financial markets, it is plausible that the triggering of these risks could have been avoided altogether, or at the very least, the resulting damage could have been mitigated to some extent.Implications for the Korean marketAt present, it is deemed unlikely that events akin to those witnessed in overseas crypto markets will transpire in the Korean market. The Korean crypto-asset market has primarily evolved through exchanges, with limited influence from other enterprises such as crypto issuers and decentralized lending platforms. In addition, Korean crypto exchanges are subject to regulation under the Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information. This mandates the separation of customer deposits from exchange assets and the strict management of custodial crypto-assets through secure wallets. Additionally, Korean exchanges are prohibited from listing their own tokens on their platforms.However, there remains a dearth of information regarding the business structures of crypto companies that offer services similar to those in the traditional financial industry. This lack of information poses challenges in accurately assessing risk and providing adequate investor protection. Meanwhile, there is a potential for a deeper integration between the crypto market and users’ daily lives, particularly through major technology companies, gaming companies, and security tokens.SuggestionsIt is vital to ensure that crypto-assets are regulated based on the principle of “same activity, same risk, same regulation” through the ongoing development of crypto-asset-related legislation. The Financial Stability Board, an international body monitoring the global financial system, explained this principle in a 2022 paper: “Where crypto-assets and intermediaries perform an equivalent economic function to one performed by instruments and intermediaries of the traditional financial sector, they should be subject to equivalent regulation.”Additionally, it is necessary to stay aligned with major countries in terms of the speed and comprehensiveness of regulatory measures to prevent regulatory discrepancies across borders due to the global nature of crypto risks.Enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of regulation requires the establishment and maintenance of a close cooperation system between authorities. This collaborative effort should encompass various aspects, including monitoring, information gathering, and supervision of the crypto-asset market. Notably, the widespread adoption of stablecoins can affect the stability of the overall financial system, including monetary systems and payment and settlement systems. Hence, it is necessary to strengthen the involvement of central banks in the monitoring and supervision framework for crypto-assets, including stablecoins, as demonstrated by legislative approaches adopted by major economies like the EU. Furthermore, imposing disclosure requirements, external audits, and documentation submission obligations on crypto-asset operators is advisable.

Strategic investment sees C1 Secondaries Fund target Animoca BrandsThe C1 Secondaries Fund, an investment fund focused on the digital assets space with a presence in Silicon Valley and Dubai, is poised to make strategic investments in crypto powerhouses like Hong Kong-based Animoca Brands.Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya on UnsplashReady to deploy capitalThat’s according to details from a pitch deck disclosed by the Australian Financial Review on Sunday. The C1 Fund is ready to deploy substantial capital, ranging from $20 million to $50 million, to acquire private holdings in crypto companies. The fund is only interested in targeting companies that boast valuations of $300 million and above from their most recent funding rounds.The crypto venture capital fund was co-founded by former Coinbase executives. Off the back of recent bullish momentum within crypto markets, the C1 Fund is reportedly eyeing significant discounts of nearly 80% on its investments.Share purchase offerThe fund has extended an offer to purchase Animoca Brand shares at approximately $1.12, representing a 75% markdown from its last capital raise where shares were sold at around $4.50.A few years ago, Animoca Brands, a firm that concentrates on blockchain gaming, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the metaverse, had been listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). However, in 2020, the company listing was removed due to the swapping of stock for crypto tokens. It still has involvement with Australia through equity investment from Australian firms Koda Capital and KTM Ventures.In September, Hong Kong-based venture capital firm CMCC Global led a $20 million funding round into Animoca. At the time, it was suggested that funding would go towards further development of Mocaverse, an Animoca project involving the development of Web3-native tools geared towards the gaming and entertainment sectors.Following some market uncertainty regarding the financial health of the company earlier this year, Animoca provided an update on its financial position, clarifying that it held $3.4 billion in cash and assets.Chainalysis interestThe strategic move by the C1 Fund aligns with the recent uptick in the crypto space. Bitcoin (BTC), the market leader, surpassed the $40,000 price point in the first week of December, propelling the overall crypto market capitalization to over $1.6 trillion. At the time of writing, BTC hovers just over $40,000.Similarly, the fund is weighing up an investment in American blockchain analysis firm Chainalysis, offering to acquire its shares at a substantial 63% discount from its latest capital raise.Beyond traditional crypto assets, NFTs are experiencing a surge in market interest. A recent report by DappRadar revealed that NFT trading volume approached $1 billion in November, signaling a notable shift in user behavior. The average value of NFT transactions also witnessed a substantial increase from $126 to $270 in November.The C1 Secondaries Fund was established in March, targeting $500 million worth of investment in blockchain, crypto, Web3 and fintech. As the C1 Secondaries Fund strategically positions itself amid the crypto market boom, its pursuit of discounted investments in industry giants like Animoca Brands and Chainalysis reflects the fund’s confidence in the sustained growth and potential of the digital assets sector.

Dunamu likely to extend CEO Lee’s tenure, ensuring continuity in Upbit leadershipDunamu, the operator of Upbit, South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, recently convened a board meeting where a key decision was made to extend the term of Lee Sirgoo as Dunamu’s CEO, as reported by local news outlet Newsis, citing industry sources.Photo by Benjamin Child on UnsplashFinal decision on Dec 5The final decision on the extension of CEO Lee’s term at Dunamu is set to be made at the extraordinary general meeting on Dec. 5. The crypto industry is largely confident about Lee’s reappointment, especially given the presence of major executives, including Chairman Song Chi-hyung, at the recent board meeting.Responding to changing regulationsIn light of these developments, industry insiders are keenly observing whether CEO Lee will maintain Upbit’s market dominance in Korea. A key factor influencing Upbit’s future success will be Dunamu’s strategy in adapting to the changing market conditions, particularly in response to the upcoming Virtual Asset User Protection Act, which is due to come into effect in July next year.One source familiar with the matter said that Lee’s reappointment is almost assured, barring the emergence of any unexpected factors.If confirmed, this will mark Lee’s second reappointment as CEO of Dunamu since his first in 2020. This extension would bring his total tenure to nine years, continuing through 2026, considering that he initially assumed leadership in December 2017.Emphasis on stability and blockchain adoptionThis move likely underscores Dunamu’s prioritization of stability, especially considering Chairman Song’s emphasis on the company’s commitment to the widespread adoption of blockchain technology, as highlighted in the recently convened Upbit D Conference (UDC). Such a focus suggests that the company is leaning more towards maintaining its current status rather than embarking on new ventures.An executive from a Korean crypto research firm observed that Dunamu’s annual UDC event is a significant indicator of the company’s business direction. The person highlighted this by comparing it to last year’s event, where Dunamu officials focused on new initiatives, particularly in the realm of NFTs. This was evident in their collaboration with Levvels, a joint venture between Dunamu and HYBE, the management agency of the popular K-pop boy group BTS.The executive further elaborated that the widespread adoption of blockchain technology requires strengthening the Upbit business, an area in which Lee excels. The research expert suggested that if he had diverted his efforts towards other new projects outside of Upbit, the outcomes might have been different.CEO Lee’s ability to steer Upbit effectively in the burgeoning field of blockchain technology can be attributed to his rich academic and professional journey. He holds a diverse academic background with degrees from Seoul National University, the University of Hawaii at Manoa and Lewis & Clark Law School. His career spans journalism, law and corporate leadership, including roles as a reporter for JoongAng Ilbo, counsel for IBM Korea, CEO of NHN USA and co-CEO of Kakao Corporation.