New Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia initiatives reflect Asia’s shift to asset-backed stablecoins

While Russia had previously ruled out adding Bitcoin to its national reserves, the latest soundings from officials within the world’s largest country call for the creation of a crypto fund to hold and manage confiscated cryptocurrencies. According to a report published by Russian state-owned news agency TASS, Evgeny Masharov, a member of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, has put forward a proposal for the formation of a special fund that would hold and manage cryptocurrencies that had been confiscated as the proceeds of crime by the Russian authorities.Photo by Artem Beliaikin on UnsplashMasharov told TASS: "Cryptocurrency confiscated in criminal proceedings should work for the benefit of the state. For these purposes, a special fund can be created, on the balance sheet of which these cryptocurrencies would be located, the capitalization of which will significantly increase over time.” In the future, Masharov proposes that the funds could eventually be used for educational, social and environmental projects. Enabling asset confiscationMasharov supported moves to define digital assets as property within the realm of criminal procedure legislation previously. Since 2021, legislation has been proposed to lay out a properly defined framework to enable the confiscation of such assets in criminal cases. As of last month, Russia’s Supreme Court is currently working towards establishing this. The Civic Chamber official expressed his willingness to discuss his proposal with other stakeholders such as crypto industry representatives and officials from Russia’s Federal Taxation Service. If this proposal was to be implemented, it would match a position taken in the U.S. with regard to a Bitcoin reserve. Earlier this month, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order creating a strategic Bitcoin reserve which will be funded mainly by confiscated Bitcoin. Central bank resistanceRussia’s central bank has been largely opposed to the use of cryptocurrencies within Russia in recent years. Last December, central bank governor Elvira Nabiullina stated that the bank had no plans to invest in cryptocurrencies. Earlier that month, Anton Tkachev, a member of Russia’s State Duma, had put forward a proposal to establish a national Bitcoin reserve. With the onset of sanctions as a consequence of the conflict in Ukraine, the Russian government has softened its position with regard to cryptocurrencies. Digital assets such as Bitcoin are now seen as a mechanism to enable cross-border trade and cross-border payments, circumventing the international banking system. It was reported last year that Russia’s central bank had changed course and with that, it was leading efforts to assist Russian companies to use cryptocurrency for international trade, bypassing Western sanctions. Earlier this month, Reuters reported that Russian oil firms are now using leading cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and Tether in oil trade deals with their counterparts in China and India. In another development earlier this month, it emerged that the central bank is now allowing a limited level of crypto investment by investors. Faced with sanctions and current geopolitical realities, it’s understood that Russia had been considering the use of Bitcoin for reserve purposes, but for the time being, it has opted to concentrate on adding gold and the Chinese yuan to its sovereign wealth fund. 

Energy Theft Results in Crypto Mining Operation Shutdown in BorneoAuthorities in Miri, a city on the island of Borneo in Malaysia, swiftly responded to a tip-off from the public, leading to the successful shutdown of an illegal cryptocurrency mining operation.According to local news source, The Borneo Post, during a well-executed raid, 34 mining servers were confiscated, all of which were illicitly drawing power through cable tapping.Photo by Muhammad Faiz Zulkeflee on UnsplashEnergy thieves turn to miningWhile Borneo offers some of the lowest energy prices in Malaysia, it continues to struggle with the problem of energy theft. That issue has been highlighted via a recent utility announcement. Sarawak Energy, the local energy provider, estimated that the criminal operation caused losses of approximately 6,000 Malaysian ringgits ($1,300) worth of stolen electricity each month.The rise of the Bitcoin mining industry in 2023 has brought about record-high network hash rates and network difficulty. While the growth of miners generally signifies the robustness of the Bitcoin network, smaller operators without the economies of scale enjoyed by larger corporations face challenges.One such challenge is energy generation to power their mining servers. In pursuit of higher profit potential with lower electricity rates, illegal mining operators are drawn to stealing electricity from the grid. By eliminating energy expenses, these illicit miners can accumulate profits and offset equipment costs.Fourth recent instanceThe recent incident marks the fourth major operation in Senadin, where Miri is located, where authorities have cracked down on power theft cases related to cryptocurrency mining in 2023. So far, over 137 Bitcoin mining servers have been seized during these operations.On the other side of the spectrum, legitimate crypto mining companies are actively securing funding to support their mining projects. Riot Platforms, for instance, invested a substantial $162.9 million to acquire 33,280 state-of-the-art equipment from MicroBT, a leading producer of mining machinery.In another example, Coinbase extended a $50 million credit line to Canadian cryptocurrency firm Hut 8 Mining, facilitating its operations. Furthermore, Volcano Energy, a public-private partnership in El Salvador, secured an initial funding of $250 million for its ambitious Bitcoin mining venture.Appropriate mining activityThe spate of recent instances of illegal mining in Borneo acts as a reminder of the importance of regulatory compliance and adherence to the law within the cryptocurrency industry. While the allure of lucrative profits may tempt some to engage in illegal activities, the consequences can be severe. Mining can be a positive societal force when applied within appropriate circumstances.A move by the President of Kyrgyzstan last week to harness crypto mining in order to utilize energy that is otherwise being wasted at the central Asian country’s Kambar-Ata-2 hydropower plant serves as a recent example of a positive use case for the activity.In Texas in the United States, crypto miners are collaborating with those that manage the local energy grid, turning off miners at times when the state is on the brink of suffering blackouts.As the crypto mining landscape continues to evolve, it is essential for both authorities and legitimate operators to work together in finding sustainable solutions that ensure the industry’s growth while maintaining the integrity of the energy infrastructure.

Strengthened KYC Spurs More Suspicious Transaction Reports from Korean Crypto ExchangesIn South Korea this year, there has been a significant surge in the number of suspicious transaction reports (STRs) related to cryptocurrencies, according to local news agency Yonhap.This increase is primarily attributed to cryptocurrency exchanges fortifying their Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures. This proactive response follows the controversy surrounding lawmaker Kim Nam-kuk’s significant virtual asset holdings, which were unveiled in May. His scandal came to light when a substantial amount of WEMIX tokens, valued in billions of Korean won, were transferred from the Bithumb exchange to the Upbit exchange. Upbit, deeming it a suspicious transaction, promptly reported the matter to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of the Financial Services Commission (FSC).Photo by ron dyar on UnsplashGrowing number of suspicious transaction reportsAs the scandal continued to gain traction, the political realm reached a consensus to conduct investigations into the cryptocurrency holdings of all lawmakers. Additionally, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea initiated the tracking of all lawmakers’ cryptocurrency holdings last month, a process set to span 90 days.Data received by lawmaker Yoon Young-deok on October 30 from the FIU reveals that the number of STRs originating from virtual asset service providers (VASPs) has reached 11,646 in the first nine months of this year. This figure has already exceeded last year’s total of 10,797 STRs.Under the current Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information, commonly referred to as the Financial Transaction Reporting Act, VASPs are mandated to report to the FIU if they have reasonable grounds to suspect that a customer’s financial transactions are connected to illicit property, money laundering, or terrorist financing. The Act has been in full effect since October 2021.In 2021, a total of 199 reports were submitted under this Act. The number of reports surged to over 10,000 the following year, and in the current year, it continues to grow at an even faster rate. The FIU reviews and analyzes these STRs in accordance with Article 10 of the Financial Transaction Reporting Act. It forwards the relevant information to law enforcement agencies only when it is deemed necessary for the investigation of a specific criminal case.Enhanced but varied approaches by exchangesCrypto exchanges have bolstered their customer verification requirements, especially for customers deemed to have a high risk of involvement in money laundering, in accordance with the Financial Transaction Reporting Act. This entails the need for additional scrutiny of the source of funds and the purpose behind transactions. Notably, if customer verification appears suspicious, exchanges are mandated to confirm the authenticity of the information using reliable documents.However, it’s important to note that the enforcement decree accompanying this Act grants exchanges the flexibility to verify documents based on their own business guidelines. This autonomy has been provided to assist exchanges in effectively mitigating money laundering risks by taking into account their individual business rights and characteristics.For instance, Upbit, South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, has implemented a fraud detection system (FDS) powered by artificial intelligence to continuously monitor and identify fraudulent transactions. This initiative has earned Upbit recognition from the FIU as an outstanding organization for reporting suspicious transactions during the first half of this year.On the contrary, Bithumb has devised and applies internal guidelines dedicated to anti-money laundering (AML) measures. The exchange has instituted a streamlined customer verification process for customers who are assessed as having a low likelihood of being engaged in money laundering activities. However, this simplified process is not extended to individuals from countries that have not adopted the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).Korbit monitors information related to customer verification through a dedicated department. It declines transactions for customers who have not undergone sufficient verification and validation procedures.Coinone’s AML department examines customer transactions comprehensively. It maintains ongoing reviews of customer information, business operations, risk assessments, and the source of funds. If any of these aspects are found to be suspicious or inadequate, the AML department proceeds with additional customer verification, including the disclosure of the source of funds.Some raise concerns about the inconsistency in customer verification standards for AML and STRs across different exchanges. When one exchange flags a transaction as suspicious, another might see it as routine. Such discrepancies highlight the need for uniform guidelines. Addressing this, the Digital Asset eXchange Association (DAXA), consisting of Korea’s five leading currency exchanges — Upbit, Bithumb, Coinone, Korbit, and Gopax — has set up an AML division to devise standardized rules for STRs.