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China’s digital yuan set for deposit-based role in banks next year

Policy & Regulation·December 30, 2025, 7:19 AM

The People’s Bank of China (PBOC) plans to roll out a new structure for its central bank digital currency (CBDC) operations, moving the digital yuan into a deposit-based role within the commercial banking system beginning Jan. 1, 2026.

 

Lu Lei, a deputy governor of the PBOC, announced the update, marking a new direction after nearly a decade of pilot programs. According to a report by FTChinese, the move fits into Beijing’s broader economic planning, as authorities seek to reinforce China’s role in global finance while containing risks tied to loosely regulated digital activity.

 

The deputy governor said China will continue to run the digital yuan under a two-tier system, with the central bank responsible for rules and infrastructure, while commercial banks manage wallets, payments, and compliance. He added that the arrangement is designed to prevent banks from being sidelined and to limit shadow banking risks associated with digital payment platforms outside the regulated system.

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Digital yuan transactions top $2.3T

The announcement comes as use of the digital yuan, known as the e-CNY, continues to rise. By late November 2025, the system had handled 3.48 billion transactions with a total value of 16.7 trillion yuan ($2.3 trillion). There are about 230 million personal wallets and 18.84 million corporate wallets.

 

Beyond domestic use, the e-CNY is being positioned for international trade. Lu pointed to progress on mBridge, a cross-border payments project involving multiple central banks. The platform has processed 4,047 transactions worth the equivalent of 387.2 billion yuan ($55.3 billion), with the digital yuan accounting for about 95.3% of the settlement value.

 

The deputy governor also sounded a note of caution on private-sector innovation, saying the rapid growth of digital assets and stablecoins could complicate the conduct of monetary policy. He said central banks need to ensure that new payment tools do not undermine macroeconomic stability or allow money to circulate beyond regulated channels.

 

Hong Kong to license crypto dealers, custodians

As Beijing moves to strengthen its state-backed currency framework, Hong Kong is also tightening oversight of the crypto market. On Dec. 24, the city’s Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (FSTB) and the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) released their conclusions on proposed legislation to regulate virtual asset dealing and custodial services.

 

Following the implementation of the Stablecoins Ordinance in August, regulators are now moving to require firms offering crypto dealing or custody services in Hong Kong to obtain licenses and operate under regulatory supervision. They also began seeking feedback on whether to extend oversight to virtual asset advisory and management providers, with the proposed framework modeled on existing securities market rules.

 

In a separate development underscoring the contrast between state-backed and decentralized digital currencies in the region, reports this month pointed to a sharp drop in Bitcoin network activity linked to mainland China.

 

BTC hashrate drop seen amid China mining changes

Kong Jianping, CEO of Nasdaq-listed Web3 infrastructure firm Nano Labs, said on the social media platform X that the global Bitcoin network’s hashrate fell by about 100 exahashes per second, or roughly 8%, around Dec. 15. He attributed the decline to the shutdown of an estimated 400,000 mining rigs, mainly in Xinjiang. A lower hashrate means less computing power is securing the network, reducing competition among miners that validate transactions.

 

China has maintained a broad ban on crypto trading and mining since 2021. Industry outlet Wu Blockchain said the reasons for the latest shutdowns were unclear.

 

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Policy & Regulation·

Aug 23, 2023

Oman’s Crypto Mining Expansion Signals Further Economic Diversification

Oman’s Crypto Mining Expansion Signals Further Economic DiversificationOman has recently unveiled a state-of-the-art digital asset mining facility, as it continues in its quest to diversify its economy beyond oil exports.$150 million facilityThis cutting-edge mining facility was recently inaugurated, valued at around 135 million Omani rials, approximately $150 million, as a result of collaboration between Exahertz, an Omani company, and Moonwalk Systems, a Dubai-based blockchain solutions firm.Situated within the Salalah Free Zone, a hub that offers tax benefits to corporate entities, the facility is powered by mining hardware provided by leading Chinese mining equipment manufacturer Bitmain Technologies and is primed to house 2,000 machines, making for an 11-megawatt facility.Photo by Anusree Mohan on UnsplashExpansion plansSam Ferdows, the CEO of Moonwalk Systems, hailed the project, emphasizing the company’s dedication to expanding the facility’s capacity. Ferdows shared that plans are already in motion to increase the mining operation’s capacity to accommodate 15,000 miner units by October, with aspirations to expand to multiple cities. Recognizing the importance of corporate social responsibility relative to sustainability, Moonwalk Systems aims to train citizens through dedicated programs, further promoting the growth of the digital asset sector.Engineer Said Hamoud, Oman’s Minister of Transport, Communications, and Information Technology, who led the inauguration of the project, underscored its significance as a pivotal step in the nation’s digital transformation. He expressed confidence that the new mining facility would contribute to Oman’s growing digital economy.Second mining projectThis marks Oman’s second major move into the cryptocurrency mining space within nine months. Back in November 2022, the country inaugurated its first mining facility with a price tag of approximately $389 million. The combined investment in these ventures totals $740 million, which aligns with the broader regional push toward embracing the opportunities presented by blockchain and Web3 technologies.In the Middle East, several governments are actively investing in blockchain-related infrastructure. The United Arab Emirates, a neighbor to Oman, has notably begun to accept applications from Web3-related companies. The Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA), the local regulator in Dubai, has rolled out comprehensive regulatory directives that govern licensing requirements, company operations, and compliance.Oman, for its part, is not just focusing on infrastructure. It is also addressing regulatory aspects by requiring registered digital asset firms to establish a presence within the country. Evidence of those efforts emerged earlier this month when the Omani regulator, the Capital Market Authority (CMA), invited public feedback on a consultation paper that feeds into the development of a virtual asset regulatory framework in Oman. This versatile approach suggests that the Sultanate is making a conscious commitment to fostering a thriving blockchain ecosystem within the country.As Oman attempts to position itself as a regional blockchain hub, it recognizes the transformative power of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in propelling its economy forward. On that basis, the Middle Eastern country is making a resolute pivot from its oil-based past to a blockchain-enabled future.

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Web3 & Enterprise·

Aug 08, 2023

Asiastar Entertainment and Codus to Develop Casual P2E Game with NFT Rewards

Asiastar Entertainment and Codus to Develop Casual P2E Game with NFT RewardsAsiastar Entertainment, a Korean company specializing in animation, food products, and toys, revealed plans last Friday to work with its business partner, software and blockchain development firm Codus, to develop a casual play-to-earn (P2E) game that rewards players with NFTs.Photo by Choong Deng Xiang on UnsplashTokenized in-game assets and coin rewardsSpecifically, multiple in-game characters and backgrounds will be tokenized as NFTs for trading. As players progress through the game, they can also earn rewards in the form of TBC — the official tradeable coin issued by TurboChain Foundation, a subsidiary of Asiastar Entertainment. These rewards can be exchanged for gift vouchers and various merchandise, the company said.The two companies plan to leverage Asiastar Entertainment’s Great Q-Bot animation model — a model originally aimed at providing animated educational content for children — to create the P2E game.Watch-to-earn, short-form videosMeanwhile, TurboChain Foundation is gearing up to launch its Turbo Playhouse platform in the latter half of the year. This watch-to-earn, short-form video platform links offline products and online videos with QR codes to allow users to receive TBCs.Asiastar Entertainment also added that it is currently focusing on expanding its business through blockchain-related ventures by taking advantage of its core competencies in this emerging field.

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Policy & Regulation·

Sep 20, 2023

Korean Crypto Expert Claims NFTs and Security Tokens Shouldn’t Be a Priority for Investors Yet

Korean Crypto Expert Claims NFTs and Security Tokens Shouldn’t Be a Priority for Investors YetAlthough there has been a lot of speculation recently regarding the prospects of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and security tokens as lucrative investment opportunities, these topics should not be of concern yet, said Kim Dong-hwan, CEO of Korean crypto consulting firm Wonder Frame, at Tuesday’s 2023 FNTimes Investment Forum hosted in Seoul by the Korean Financial Times.Photo by Markus Winkler on UnsplashFrom a price-to-earnings perspective, these types of investments should not be of priority to the average investor, Kim said, stating that this argument is rooted in historical context. Bitcoin, the kingpin of cryptocurrencies, had its first breakthrough in 2012 when its price was around $13. Since then, its value has skyrocketed nearly 2,000 times. Those who profited from Bitcoin then went on to invest in Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. Ultimately, the money earned from Bitcoin was constantly circulating in the crypto market.Grappling for liquidityHowever, Bitcoin’s liquidity — the frequency at which assets are bought and sold, which can be deemed the most important aspect of investing in and trading cryptocurrencies — is currently down. Liquidity in the crypto market usually flows in order from Bitcoin first, to altcoins, then to NFTs, Kim explained, because investments in NFTs are made by people who hold cryptocurrencies, not Korean won. Therefore, NFTs, which have now experienced more than a 90% decline from their peak, must depend on Bitcoin’s price recovery for their own resurgence.Securing liquidity for security tokens is also difficult, considering the fact that while these assets share common characteristics with cryptocurrencies, they are subject to strict regulatory oversight by financial authorities such as the Korea Exchange. Therein lies the difficulty in forecasting the prospects for security tokens.Kim thus questioned whether there would be market makers or liquidity providers that would be willing to boldly step into the role of satisfying the market, given the close scrutiny of authorities such as Korea’s Financial Services Commission (FSC) and Financial Supervisory Service (FSS). Although crypto exchanges like Upbit act as market makers by facilitating daily trading worth trillions of won, speculation suggests that securities firms that are responsible for supplying security token liquidity may find it challenging to do the same.Weak investments and negative perceptions of DeFiAnother concern for security tokens is fractional investments, which tend to be concentrated on assets of lower value. “Security tokens are fundamentally about dividing underlying assets and then selling them. However, in many cases, these underlying assets are of lower value or have no choice but to be traded this way,” Kim said.Kim also mentioned the regulatory hurdles hindering decentralized finance (DeFi) in general, despite its reputed appeal. “DeFi is perceived by international organizations like the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the US Federal Reserve System, and the European Union (EU) as a public enemy that causes financial instability in the real world,” he said.Taking all these factors into consideration, Kim recommended against investing in security tokens or NFTs at this time, given the current situation where even Bitcoin’s liquidity is at an all-time low. He suggested that, with market interest rates approaching 5%, unless there is a specific need to invest in virtual assets, it may be better to explore investment options positioned for higher interest rates.Kim is an industry expert who has previously written articles for crypto news site CoinDesk Korea for four years and has taken on the role of Chief Business Development Officer (CBDO) at Blitz Labs, a virtual asset research firm. He founded Wonder Frame in 2022, where he currently works as a professional consultant.

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