China’s digital yuan set for deposit-based role in banks next year

With Bitcoin prices hitting an all-time high, the daily crypto trading volume in South Korea has surpassed that of the stock market, local media outlet The Financial News reported.  As of yesterday at noon (KST), the local daily trading volume of cryptocurrencies over the past 24 hours stood at over KRW 11.8 trillion, or nearly $9 billion, according to data from crypto platform CoinMarketCap. Meanwhile, the daily trading volume on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, or KOSPI, was KRW 11.4 trillion on Friday.  The total daily crypto trading volume was tallied by adding trading volume across Korea’s five major crypto exchanges – Bithumb posted KRW 8.8 trillion, Upbit KRW 2.7 trillion, Coinone KRW 176.4 billion, Gopax KRW 55.2 billion and Korbit KRW 32 billion. Photo by Alexander Mils on UnsplashUnlike stock markets which have a closing time, crypto assets are traded 24/7, which makes it difficult to do an apple-to-apple comparison. Still, the numbers clearly demonstrate retail investors’ bullish sentiment toward the crypto market.  According to the U.S. crypto exchange Coinbase, the Bitcoin price touched $70,199 on Friday (UST), just three days after the flagship coin surpassed $69,000 on March 5, an already record-breaking price in 28 months since November 2021.  Inflation and recession drive retail investors to crypto Financial experts say that Korea’s persistently high inflation and slowing economic growth are driving local retail investors to seek relatively riskier yet high-yielding assets such as cryptocurrencies. Young investors in their 20s and 30s are particularly leaning towards investing in crypto, as they fear not being able to buy houses solely with their wages. Moreover, Koreans’ average monthly real wage declined by 1.1% year-on-year, which marks a continuous decline for two consecutive years since 2022.  Despite the country’s economic slowdown, the KOSPI has actually risen, fueled by capital influx from foreign investors who are expecting a valuation increase in local firms. In contrast, local retail investors are rushing out from the stock market as they see a lack of outperforming companies.  Data from the Korea Exchange (KRX), the sole securities exchange operator in the country, showed that foreign investors purchased KRW 4.4 trillion in stocks over the past month on the KOSPI market, while local retail investors sold KRW 3.3 trillion worth of stocks during the same period.  Local crypto boom prompts ‘Kimchi Premium’ effectThe recent bullish sentiment in the Korean crypto market can largely be attributed to local retail investors, because current laws prohibit foreign investors from trading crypto assets in the country and regulations limit enterprises from making direct investments in crypto.  While the KOSPI market grapples with the so-called Korea Discount effect, which refers to the undervaluation of the Korean stock market, the local crypto market is experiencing the exact opposite trend – crypto investors are benefitting from something called the Kimchi Premium effect, a newly coined term referring to the overvaluation of crypto assets in Korean crypto markets compared to those in their foreign counterparts. As of yesterday at 14:00 (KST), Bitcoin changed hands at KRW 917.4 million on foreign exchanges while at KRW 971.8 million on Korean exchanges, per data from local crypto exchange Upbit.  Cho Dong-keun, a professor at the Economics Department at Myongji University, described the current Korean economic situation as “a competition for the country’s limited wealth”. He said that the stagnant national growth has pushed people to fight for more wealth, urging them to invest in crypto assets, adding that Kimchi Premium could substantially appeal to many retail investors.   

Russia is moving closer to establishing a comprehensive legal framework for cryptocurrency, a regulatory shift intended to integrate digital assets into the mainstream economy while simultaneously cracking down on unlicensed market participants. Photo by Egor Filin on UnsplashCrypto enforcement slated for 2027According to a report from the Parliamentary Gazette, the new package of regulations is planned to be prepared by the end of June, while from July 1, 2027, liability for illegal activity by crypto intermediaries is expected to be introduced. Anatoly Aksakov, head of the State Duma’s Committee on the Financial Markets, said that the legislation is intended to establish clear rules for the market, including strict oversight of crypto exchanges. He added that the draft law could be considered in its first reading within the next month. While the legislation seeks to normalize digital assets, officials have emphasized that the market will not be a free-for-all. The proposed framework would introduce administrative, financial, and potentially criminal liability, with enforcement modeled on existing laws governing illegal banking activity. Aksakov noted in earlier comments reported by TASS that while crypto may become a fixture of daily life, it would have clear boundaries. The government plans to cap annual crypto purchases by retail investors at 300,000 rubles (approximately $3,800). This regulatory drive coincides with an increase in crypto’s role in Russia’s cross-border transactions. Following the invasion of Ukraine, Western sanctions severed Russian banks from the SWIFT messaging system, prompting Moscow to seek alternative channels for international settlements. New data suggests these alternative payment rails have gained rapid traction. A report by TRM Labs revealed that sanctions-related crypto activity in 2025 was dominated by Russia-linked flows, a trend driven largely by the explosive growth of A7A5, a ruble-pegged stablecoin. The firm reported that A7A5 processed over $72 billion in total volume that year, while a wallet cluster tied to the A7 sanctions evasion network A7 was connected to at least $39 billion. TRM Labs identified A7 as a key bridge between Russian entities and partners in China, Southeast Asia, and Iran, signaling a concerted effort to bypass U.S. dollar-based systems. Illicit volumes hit record $158BThese numbers come as illicit crypto usage rises worldwide. According to TRM Labs, criminal transaction volume hit a record $158 billion in 2025—a 145% increase over the previous year. Yet, despite this surge, illicit activity accounted for a smaller share of the total market, falling from 1.3% in 2024 to 1.2% in 2025. Beyond Russian sanctions evasion, researchers also highlighted the burgeoning scale of Chinese-language money laundering networks (CMLNs). TRM Labs identified Chinese-language escrow services and underground banking as a distinct, high-growth sector. Adjusted crypto volume for these networks rose from roughly $123 million in 2020 to over $103 billion in 2025. Meanwhile, Chainalysis offered a smaller estimate, finding that CMLNs processed $16.1 billion in illicit crypto funds in 2025. The firm estimates that the illicit on-chain laundering market has surged from $10 billion in 2020 to over $82 billion today. This growth is supported by a sharp expansion in infrastructure, with the ecosystem now utilizing over 1,799 active wallets. Over the past five years, these operations accounted for roughly 20% of all illicit crypto funds—a share that has grown faster than illicit inflows to centralized exchanges. 

Recently, the top five Korean banks have seen a significant outflow of funds in their demand deposits – worth about KRW 2 trillion ($1.52 billion) – to crypto markets as local investors are rushing to withdraw their money from banks to invest in the crypto and stock markets. The recent surge of Bitcoin to KRW 100 million prompted the funds’ outflow, local media Etoday reported. This is a substantial turn from just a week ago, when these banks saw a KRW 23.5 trillion increase in their demand deposits just in a month.  The previous rise in demand deposits at banks, however, was also driven by local investors who used these accounts as a “station” to temporarily store their money for future crypto investments. These accounts are highly liquid, since users can deposit or withdraw funds at any time without incurring penalties from banks.Photo by Emile-Victor Portenart on UnsplashBank deposits flowing into crypto Data from the five banks –  KB Kookmin Bank, Shinhan Bank, Hana Bank, Woori Bank and NH Nonghyup Bank – show that their combined demand deposits totaled KRW 612.4 trillion on Friday, down KRW 2.2 trillion from late last month.  The crypto investing trend has prompted investors to withdraw their funds not only from demand deposit accounts, but also from fixed deposit and installment savings accounts. During the same period, the five banks’ fixed deposits saw a KRW 5.1 trillion decline from KRW 886.2 trillion to KRW 881 trillion, with installment savings decreasing by KRW 2.5 trillion, from KRW 33.2 trillion to KRW 30.6 trillion.  In particular, NH Nonghyup Bank, which offers real-name accounts to the crypto exchange Bithumb, has witnessed a decline of over KRW 2 trillion in its demand deposits over the past week. Shinhan Bank also reported an increase in dealing with more crypto assets.  Bullish crypto and stock market With Bitcoin prices hitting a new high, the U.K. bank Standard Chartered forecasts that Bitcoin could eventually reach $200,000 by 2025. The excitement around crypto has boosted the amount of cryptocurrencies traded against the Korean won across the top five crypto exchanges in Korea, reaching KRW 78 trillion.  Korean stock markets are also signaling a bullish sentiment, with the amount of investor deposits exceeding KRW 53 trillion this month. Investor deposits refer to customer deposits at securities companies saved for investment purposes or those left unclaimed after selling stocks.  Declining interest rates Meanwhile, local savings products with over 4% interest rates are no longer to be seen. According to the Korea Federation of Banks, a one-year savings product with the highest interest rate among the top five local banks offers an annual rate of 3.55%.  Online-only banks, which typically offer relatively higher rates than other traditional banks, are rapidly lowering rates on their saving products. The highest annual rate for Kakao Bank’s fixed deposits products stands at 3.5%, down by 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points depending on their maturity.  Kbank has also decreased rates for fixed deposits by 0.05 percentage points, lowering the rate for its flagship fixed deposits product from 3.7% to 3.65%.