Former PBOC Governor: CBDC Development Must Focus on Security

Bank of Japan Publishes Results of CBDC PoCThe Bank of Japan (BoJ) recently concluded the second phase of its central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof of concept (PoC) project, which began in April. The results of this phase were published on Monday, and they shed light on key aspects such as the comparison between account-based and token-based CBDCs and the management of holding limits for users with multiple accounts.Photo by Manuel Cosentino on UnsplashToken-based CBDCsThe experiments conducted by the central bank covered a wide range of topics. Among the most intriguing findings were the advantages and disadvantages of token-based CBDCs and how to effectively impose holding limits for users with multiple CBDC balances.Token-based CBDCs have garnered interest from various central banks, with some adopting the UTXO token model used by Bitcoin without the use of a distributed ledger. A UTXO or unspent transaction output, defines where a blockchain transaction starts and finishes. The Bank of Japan explored this model and analyzed its pros and cons.In the initial proof of concept, both account-based and token-based CBDCs were examined, considering scenarios where the central bank managed the ledger or shared it with intermediaries like banks. In the token-based model, fixed token denominations were used, similar to physical cash in countries like India, and a centralized ledger was employed. However, in the recent phase, the central bank utilized flexible value tokens similar to UTXO and shared ledger functions with intermediaries.The Bank of Japan favored the flexible value token model due to its ability to handle multiple requests simultaneously. However, it acknowledged that this model may require more technical resources compared to the account-based approach. Challenges may arise when implementing additional functions, such as holding limits, while maintaining optimal performance. The European Central Bank (ECB) also noted in a recent report that most payment providers are accustomed to account-based payments and would incur costs to adapt to token-based systems.Another significant aspect explored by the BoJ was how to impose holding limits when users have multiple CBDC balances through different intermediaries. The challenge lies in determining if the overall holding limit has been breached without compromising user privacy.Homomorphic encryptionOne possible solution discussed in the report is the use of homomorphic encryption, which enables computations to be performed on encrypted data without it first needing to be decrypted. That allows for the necessary checks without intermediaries accessing the specific data being checked. Although this solution may slightly increase processing time, it could introduce a higher risk of data inconsistencies.Alternatively, a simpler approach proposed by the central bank is to establish a per-account holding limit and a limit on the number of accounts a single user can hold, rather than imposing global limits. Ideally, users with multiple accounts would have a higher per-account holding limit compared to those with fewer accounts.Phase 3 underwayWith the next pilot phase already underway, the BoJ aims to test the end-to-end process flow and identify challenges related to integrating with external systems. Additionally, they are creating a CBDC Forum to gather input from the private sector, ensuring a collaborative approach to CBDC development.While investigation and research into CBDCs continues, the BoJ has said that it will make a final decision on CBDC implementation by 2026.

True Potential of Asian Crypto ETFs Yet to Be RealizedA recently published report by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. (HKEX), the Hong Kong stock exchange, has found that crypto exchange traded funds (ETFs) have the potential to play a significant part in unlocking the next phase of digital asset expansion in Asia.©Pexels/Burak The WeekenderThe report, titled “Crypto ETF: Key to unlocking the next phase of digital asset growth in Asia,” highlights how crypto ETFs could attract more institutional investors and lead to increased liquidity in the digital asset market. Furthermore, HKEX claims that the ETF investment mechanism can play its part in offering a more regulated and safe manner through which investors can gain exposure to digital assets.Regulatory progressWhile the report cites an Asian regulatory environment that is becoming increasingly more supportive of digital assets of late, it still identifies a need for further progress to be made to improve the level of regulatory clarity and to provide a truly standardized approach to digital assets. That, it says, will result in crypto ETFs becoming more accessible, offering a diversified way in which the investor can access and gain exposure to digital assets in Asia.Nonetheless, HKEX applauds the work done thus far by regulatory authorities in Hong Kong and Singapore, where regulatory frameworks relative to crypto ETFs have been implemented. Those are measures that the Hong Kong stock exchange believes will increase investor confidence, and in turn, bring about further adoption of digital assets.Modest daily trading volumeBetween December 16 and February 7 the two Bitcoin ETFs and one Ether ETF listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange achieved a daily trading volume of $1.19 million. That’s rather underwhelming when compared with the $3 billion in daily volume being achieved by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) relative to its Bitcoin and Ether futures ETF in the United States. On the New York stock exchange ProShares Bitcoin Strategy ETF achieves a daily average trading volume of $196 million.These findings are a bit counter-intuitive given the contrasting regulatory approaches in the two territories. In the US, regulators have failed to approve a physically settled Bitcoin ETF. Furthermore, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has denied the attempts of Grayscale Bitcoin Investment Trust (GBTC) to convert the Bitcoin fund into an ETF. Meanwhile, Hong Kong has much more regulatory clarity but yet trading volume in crypto-related ETFs remains minuscule by comparison with the United States.Despite that, the report remains upbeat with regard to what can be achieved in the market with crypto-related ETFs. It makes a case for crypto ETFs as a means for traditional financial institutions to enter the digital assets market with relative ease. Similarly, it sees a role for global stock exchanges in facilitating future growth of crypto-related ETFs and in developing new ETF products that could unlock access to specific digital assets or bespoke investment strategies.

Korea Fintech Industry Association Establishes Council for Security TokensThe Korea Fintech Industry Association (KORFIN) has recently held a successful kickoff meeting to launch the Fintech Council for Security Tokens. Comprised of 18 members specializing in security token-related fields, including blockchain technology and fractional investments, the council aims to expand its membership by inviting more enterprises interested in security token projects.Current participants in the council include The Seed Partners, a venture capital firm; Lucentblock, a blockchain-based real estate securities platform provider; and Leadpoint System, a blockchain tech developer.Photo by Ethan Brooke on UnsplashActivities for ecosystem growthThe purpose of the council is to foster the growth of the security token ecosystem by undertaking various activities. These activities encompass engaging in discussions to strengthen the security token industry, conducting research on policy development, and seeking expert consultations.Promoting innovationLee Keun-ju, the President of KORFIN, expressed the association’s commitment to supporting fintech companies in realizing their innovative ideas in the industry. In line with this commitment, KORFIN will organize a range of events, including educational courses and seminars, to facilitate knowledge sharing and enable fintech companies to establish valuable business network connections.Growing enthusiasmSince the Korean Financial Services Commission (FSC) authorized the issuance and trading of security tokens in February, the interest in security tokens has gained momentum within the country. This growing enthusiasm aligns with the global trend, as highlighted in a 2022 report by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and Singaporean investment platform ADDX, which projected that the global market for illiquid tokenized assets would hit $16 trillion by 2030.