Hong Kong and Israel Collaborate to Expand CBDC Access Beyond Banks

In a global effort to bolster regulatory control over the cryptocurrency sector, Asian nations feature prominently among 17 jurisdictions globally, who have implemented tighter cryptocurrency regulations in 2023. That’s the view expressed by blockchain analytics firm TRM Labs in a report published on Monday.Photo by CARTER SAUNDERS on Unsplash2023 notable for regulatory tighteningThe increased scrutiny comes on the heels of several crypto meltdowns in 2022, including the collapse of major platforms like Terraform Labs, Celsius, BlockFi and FTX, resulting in a market rout that wiped out trillions of dollars in value. The subsequent year witnessed an extraordinary surge in regulatory measures globally, with governments prioritizing consumer protection in the volatile crypto space. TRM Labs' report indicates that the jurisdictions strengthening consumer protection measures accounted for 80% of the 21 studied, representing 70% of global exposure to cryptocurrencies. As the crypto ecosystem grappled with the aftermath of the FTX collapse at the beginning of 2023, regulatory actions surged, shaping a transformative year for the industry. The TRM Labs report emphasizes that nearly half of the jurisdictions tightening crypto regulations in 2023 prioritized increasing consumer protection measures. Additionally, international organizations, including the G20, Financial Action Task Force, Financial Stability Board, International Monetary Fund and the International Organization of Securities Commissions, played a role in shaping global frameworks and policy recommendations for cryptocurrency regulation. While prominent regulatory moves included the European Union's implementation of the Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCA) in June, Asian countries were particularly active in rolling out regulatory controls and measures relative to digital asset markets.  Stronger measures in SingaporeSingapore, recognized as an early adopter of crypto regulation, took significant steps in November to curb retail speculation in cryptocurrencies. The city-state’s central bank and financial regulator, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), brought in these restrictions following a year-long public consultation process, together with a review of cryptocurrency platforms. The country set itself apart from other jurisdictions by becoming one of the first to finalize rules governing stablecoins. That regulatory action included the establishment of a comprehensive framework relative to stablecoin operations. South Korea and Australia increased scrutiny of the cryptocurrency sector, contributing to the global trend of regulatory tightening. Hong Kong licensingHong Kong introduced a new licensing regime for centralized crypto exchanges, aligning with its goal to become a global hub for virtual asset businesses. Following its major initiative in October 2022 to support the virtual asset sector, it has since implemented a mandatory licensing regime for centralized crypto exchanges, allowing them to accept retail investors. Eleven companies, including OKX, one of the largest exchanges by trading volume, have submitted applications for the license in the city. In December, Hong Kong followed Singapore’s lead, by proposing stringent rules for stablecoin issuers, prohibiting unlicensed companies from selling stablecoins to the city's retail investors through regulated channels or actively marketing their tokens within the city. These rules are considered challenging for stablecoin issuers and may potentially deter major stablecoin operators like Tether and USDC from entering the city, according to experts. As Hong Kong solidifies its regulatory stance, it positions itself alongside other major players, contributing to the global evolution of cryptocurrency oversight.

Ethiopian Investment Holdings, the largest sovereign wealth fund in Africa, has announced the signing of a memorandum of understanding (MoU), which is suspected to involve a deal on Bitcoin mining. Deal uncertaintyTaking to LinkedIn on Feb. 15, the sovereign wealth fund outlined details of a partnership with Data Center Service, a subsidiary of Hong Kong’s West Data Group. Separately, Kal Kassa, CEO of Ethiopian operations at Hashlabs Mining, posted on the X social media platform, outlining that it was a stakeholder in the project and that it involved Bitcoin mining. The matter lacks full confirmation however, given that Kassa subsequently deleted his post while the sovereign fund’s statement falls short of mentioning Bitcoin mining. Once verified, the project would signify a substantial investment of $250 million. It’s understood that the investment would be directed towards the establishment of state-of-the-art infrastructure tailored for data mining and artificial intelligence (AI) training operations within Ethiopia.Photo by Kelly on PexelsExploiting abundant energy resourcesA key component of this venture may involve the setup of Bitcoin mining operations utilizing Canaan Avalon miners. This initiative would align with Ethiopia's broader strategy to capitalize on its abundant energy resources to attract international investment and stimulate economic growth.Ethiopia has about 5,200 MW of installed generation capacity, 90% of it coming from hydropower and the remainder from wind and thermal sources. While the official confirmation from the government is pending, the ambitious project has sparked both excitement and skepticism within the industry. Concerns linger regarding the energy-intensive nature of Bitcoin mining and its potential strain on the local electricity supply, an issue of particular relevance in a nation where energy accessibility remains a pressing challenge for many. Bloomberg reportEarlier this month, a report from Bloomberg highlighted Ethiopia as being a new haven for Chinese crypto miners. Following the imposition of a mining ban in China in 2021, many operations were redeployed overseas. Kazakhstan in particular was a popular choice. The Eurasian country wasn’t prepared for the influx, leading to power blackouts.Hashlabs Mining co-founders Jaran Mellerud and Alen Makhmetov both featured in the article. Mellerud outlined the difficulty, stating:“Firstly, countries can run out of available electricity, leaving no room for miners to expand. Secondly, miners can suddenly be deemed unwelcome by the government and be forced to pack up and leave.”Makhmetov outlined that he had a 10 MW facility in Kazakhstan which still sits idle today as curbs and taxes enforced in Kazakhstan on miners “basically killed the industry.” Despite these difficulties in Kazakhstan and China's official ban on cryptocurrency trading, the legalization of Bitcoin mining in Ethiopia in 2022 has spurred a notable influx of Chinese miners seeking new investment avenues. Ethiopia will need to be mindful of the difficulties experienced in Kazakhstan. With that, the Ethiopian government's move towards regulating cryptographic products, including mining activities, reflects a measured yet optimistic approach towards harnessing the economic potential of Bitcoin mining. This regulatory framework aims to strike a balance between fostering sector growth and safeguarding the country's energy security and environmental commitments.  

Singapore’s Regulator Imposes 9-Year Ban on 3AC FoundersSingapore’s central bank and financial regulator, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), has handed down a nine-year prohibition order to Kyle Davies and Su Zhu, co-founders of the failed crypto hedge fund Three Arrows Capital (3AC).Photo by Swapnil Bapat on UnsplashSevere restrictionsThe penalty relates to alleged violations of the city-state’s securities laws. The prohibition order came into effect on Wednesday, carrying severe restrictions for Davies and Zhu.During this nine-year period, Davies and Zhu are prohibited from engaging in any regulated activities in Singapore. They are also barred from managing, serving as directors, or holding substantial shares in any capital market services business within the territory of Singapore.Loo Siew Yee, the Assistant Managing Director of Policy, Payments, and Financial Crime at MAS, emphasized the seriousness of the violations in a statement released by the central bank on Thursday. Yee stated:“MAS takes a serious view of Mr. Zhu’s and Mr. Davies’ flagrant disregard of MAS’ regulatory requirements and dereliction of their directors’ duties.” She further asserted that MAS would take action against senior managers who engage in such misconduct.Securities law violationsMAS’s decision to impose these sanctions on the 3AC co-founders was based on its findings of further securities law violations during investigations into 3AC and its founders. The regulatory authority accused Davies and Zhu of failing to inform MAS when 3AC hired a new business representative, providing false information to the regulator, and neglecting to establish an appropriate risk management framework.3AC’s troubles stemmed from the crypto market crash that occurred last year, triggered by the Terra ecosystem’s collapse. The hedge fund’s leveraged crypto positions exposed it to billions in loan defaults, resulting in significant financial losses. Its lack of risk management had a cascading effect in crypto. Lenders like Celsius and BlockFi had exposure to 3AC, leading to further collapses later in 2022 as a consequence.3AC’s creditors claim that the firm owes as much as $3.5 billion, and liquidators are now seeking to recover approximately $1.3 billion from Zhu and Davies, who allegedly incurred the debt when the firm was already insolvent.Regulatory reprimandsThis action by MAS follows last June’s reprimand of 3AC, which occurred just before the hedge fund filed for bankruptcy amid widely reported insolvency issues. At that time, MAS had criticized 3AC for providing false information, failing to report directorship changes involving Zhu and Davies, and exceeding the legal assets under management threshold.It’s just the latest reprimand the duo have received from a regulator this year, though. Zhu and Davies have been busy in trying to get another start-up off the ground. Earlier this year, they launched OPNX, a crypto bankruptcy claims trading platform. The venture is based out of Dubai, and the firm reported in April that it had gotten significant VC backing.Many of those that the company claimed were backing the venture disassociated themselves from those claims. The following month, the Dubai regulator, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA), reprimanded the OPNX founders, having issued an investor alert relative to the firm a few weeks prior to that. VARA's complaint was that the business had been operating without having acquired the appropriate licensing.