Laos targets crypto operators’ unpaid fees

Japan is preparing to shift oversight of crypto assets from its payments rulebook to its main securities law, a move that would treat digital tokens more squarely as investment products rather than payment tools, according to a new report from the country’s financial regulator. In a working-group paper on crypto asset regulation released Dec. 10, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) said it plans to bring “crypto assets” under the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (FIEA) instead of the Payment Services Act (PSA), as reported by local outlet CoinPost. The agency framed the change as an effort to strengthen investor protection as more households buy digital assets for investment purposes.Photo by Alessio Ferretti on UnsplashCrypto distinct from traditional securitiesThe regulatory perimeter itself would not expand. The FSA intends to keep using the PSA’s existing definition of “crypto assets,” while leaving non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and stablecoins outside the scope of the new framework. Under FIEA, crypto assets would be carved out as a distinct class separate from traditional securities, reflecting the fact that they generally do not confer legal claims such as dividends or interest payments. That distinction is already shaping how firms attempt to expand the economic utility of crypto assets. The move toward a clearer rulebook also arrives as market participants look for ways to construct return-generating mechanisms for assets that do not produce steady income on their own. Hong Kong–based Animoca Brands has partnered with Solv Protocol to provide Japanese institutions access to a Bitcoin-backed wrapper, according to Cointelegraph. The product is structured to generate returns in the 4% to 12% range for large holders, effectively layering yield on top of a token that otherwise provides no ongoing income. Rising retail demandThe regulator's report also details how deeply crypto has penetrated Japan’s retail market. As of October 2025, accounts at domestically registered crypto-asset exchanges had climbed past 13 million, with user deposits topping 5 trillion yen (about $32 billion). Roughly 70% of account holders fell into annual income brackets below 7 million yen (around $45,000), and more than 80% of individual accounts held less than 100,000 yen (about $640). The FSA said 86.6% of trading was driven by expectations of long-term price gains, indicating that most users view crypto primarily as an investment vehicle rather than a means of payment. Against that backdrop, the working group concluded that FIEA is a better fit than the PSA, which is geared toward payment services and anti-money-laundering (AML) controls. Shifting to the securities law would give regulators clearer authority to impose disclosure standards, govern conduct in the market, and levy penalties for unfair trading practices, the report said. The proposed framework would place heavier disclosure obligations on token issuances and initial exchange offerings (IEOs). Issuers or the listing exchanges would be required to provide key information to investors, and, in cases where an issuer does not have audited financial statements, offerings would be subject to investment limits. Crypto exchanges would face stronger due diligence requirements, tighter cybersecurity expectations, and broader insider-trading restrictions. Those rules would not only apply to employees at trading platforms but also to issuers and other insiders around listing events. Rules split for CEXs and DEXsCentralized exchanges (CEXs) would be supervised largely in line with securities firms. That would include requirements to maintain reserves or insurance to protect customer assets and expanded oversight of wallet-service providers connected to those platforms. Decentralized exchanges (DEXs), which have no central operator, would not be brought under the same regime. Instead, the FSA is proposing lighter, perimeter-based rules focused on disclosures by wallet providers and interface operators, coupled with efforts to warn users about the specific risks of trading on DEXs.  Industry participants, meanwhile, have raised concerns that licensed exchanges may face higher compliance costs in the near term as they adapt to the new regime.  Moving forward, the FSA is expected to refine the framework with an eye toward submitting a bill to the ordinary Diet session in the new year. 

NFTs not subject to South Korea’s Virtual Asset User Protection ActIn anticipation of the Virtual Asset User Protection Act coming into effect in July of next year, the South Korean Financial Services Commission (FSC) has issued an advance notice regarding its subordinate statutes.Photo by Ethan Brooke on UnsplashSeven specific provisionsThe subsidiary regulations under the Act detail seven specific provisions aligned with the Act’s objectives. Firstly, assets categorized as electronic securities, mobile vouchers, deposit tokens backed by the Bank of Korea’s central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) will not be classified as virtual assets and hence, not regulated by this Act. However, in instances where NFTs are used as a means of payment for specific goods or services, they will be regarded as virtual assets.Secondly, banks will take responsibility for managing the deposits of users on cryptocurrency exchanges. This aligns with the Act’s requirement for virtual asset service providers (VASPs) to keep users’ funds separate from their own, either by depositing them in, or entrusting them to, reputable institutions. Under these regulations, banks are required to manage users’ assets in a manner consistent with how investors’ deposits are handled under the Capital Markets Act. This means that banks are allowed to invest VASP users’ assets only in secure instruments, such as state and local government bonds, and are also obligated to pay fees to deposit owners, taking into account the yields of these investments.80% of user assets in cold walletsThe third key aspect of the regulations is that VASPs are required to store a minimum of 80% of user assets in cold wallets, which are not connected to the internet. This is higher than the current requirement of 70%, enhancing the security measures for users of virtual assets. To calculate the total value of a virtual asset at any given time, its total supply is multiplied by its average daily price over the past year. VASPs are obligated to assess the value of virtual assets every month.The fourth regulation mandates that VASPs must enroll in an insurance plan, contribute to a rainy day fund or accumulate reserves. This is to ensure they can fulfill their compensation responsibilities in the event of incidents like security breaches or technical failures. The required preparation amount is set at a minimum of 5% of the user assets stored in hot wallets, as these are more susceptible to risks. VASPs are required to update their compensation thresholds or reserves monthly and must take any necessary actions to comply with these requirements by the next working day following the update.Information disclosure guidelinesAnother regulation addresses the issue of insider trading in the context of the virtual asset market. Under the current Capital Markets Act, information is considered disclosed when it’s made available through disclosure systems of the FSC or the Korea Exchange (KRX). However, since the cryptocurrency market lacks a similar system, the new statute provides criteria for determining when information is deemed disclosed.For instance, if a VASP, including exchanges, releases crucial information about a virtual asset on an exchange and six hours pass, that information is regarded as disclosed. This acknowledges the non-stop nature of the crypto market. Moreover, information disclosed post 6 p.m. is treated as officially disclosed after 9 a.m. the next day.Additionally, if a virtual asset issuer publishes significant information about its token on a website hosting its white paper, the information is deemed public after one day. This is conditional upon the website being publicly accessible and having consistently provided important token information for the preceding six months.These rules aim to provide clarity and fairness in information disclosure in the crypto market, adapting the principles of traditional financial markets to the unique dynamics of virtual assets.No arbitrary suspension of transactionsThe sixth regulation restricts VASPs from arbitrarily halting deposits and withdrawals of virtual assets unless there are justifiable reasons for such actions. Acceptable circumstances for suspending these transactions include situations where the VASP experiences a technical disruption in its system, where regulatory authorities instruct a VASP to cease deposits and withdrawals or where cyberattacks or similar incidents have occurred or are clearly imminent.Lastly, virtual asset exchanges are required to monitor for abnormal transactions continuously. These are transactions that show substantial shifts in the prices or trading volumes of virtual assets, particularly in response to news or rumors that could influence cryptocurrency prices. If VASPs suspect unfair trading practices, they must report to the FSC or the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS). When there is ample evidence of such activities, crypto exchanges are obligated to notify the police or the prosecutors’ office. In addition, the financial regulator has the authority to levy fines based on the prosecution’s decisions or after completing consultations with the prosecution if a year has passed since the day of the report.During the period of advance notice, which spans from Nov. 11 to Jan. 22, the FSC will seek comments from relevant organizations, experts and businesses. This process is aimed at refining the rules and regulations subordinate to the Virtual Asset User Protection Act. Moving forward, the financial authorities plan to publish a set of guidelines and Q&A materials and conduct explanatory sessions, with the goal of ensuring a smooth implementation of the Act.

Nomura Subsidiary Launches Bitcoin Adoption FundNomura, Japan’s largest investment bank and brokerage group boasting over $500 billion in assets, has ventured further into the world of digital assets by unveiling its Bitcoin Adoption Fund through its digital asset subsidiary, Laser Digital Asset Management.The move signifies a further commitment from the Japanese financial services conglomerate in embracing digital innovation within the financial sector. The fund will cater specifically to institutional investors looking to explore the expanding area of digital assets.Photo by Kanchanara on UnsplashEnabling long-term Bitcoin exposureLaser Digital Asset Management is introducing the Bitcoin Adoption Fund as the first installment in a series of digital adoption investment solutions crafted with institutional investors in mind. The firm announced details of the new fund via a press release published to its website on Tuesday.The primary objective of this fund is to provide institutional investors with a long-term avenue for exposure to Bitcoin, enabling them to partake in the potential gains offered by the world’s most well-known digital asset.Sebastian Guglietta, Head of Laser Digital Asset Management, underscored Bitcoin’s pivotal role in ushering in a transformative global economic shift and posits that long-term exposure to Bitcoin is the ideal means for investors to harness this profound macroeconomic trend.“Technology is a key driver of global economic growth and is transforming a large part of the economy from analogue to digital,” Guglietta said. “Bitcoin is one of the enablers of this long-lasting transformational change and long-term exposure to Bitcoin offers a solution to investors to capture this macro trend,” he added.Komainu partnershipIn bringing the fund to market, Laser Digital has partnered with digital asset custodian Komainu. Komainu was founded in 2018 as a collaborative endeavor between Nomura, Ledger, and CoinShares.Nomura’s foray into digital assets is by no means a newfound interest. As early as September 2022, the firm had initiated its digital asset venture capital arm, positioning itself at the vanguard of digital innovation. In addition to this, Laser Digital secured a trading license from Dubai’s Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA) to operate within the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Nomura’s launch of the Bitcoin Adoption Fund is in perfect alignment with the broader trend of heightened institutional interest in Bitcoin-centric investment products. Regulatory bodies globally have granted approval for a range of Bitcoin-focused investment products in recent years, including Bitcoin-based futures exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These developments underscore the growing acceptance of cryptocurrencies within traditional finance circles.Laser Digital was founded by Nomura executives Steven Ashley and Jez Mohideen. Ashley previously led Nomura’s wholesale division while Mohideen was Nomura’s Chief Digital Officer and Co-Head of Global Markets for the EMEA region. The firm has invested in Singapore-based DeFi startup, Solv Protocol.It has registered as a mutual fund via the Cayman Islands Regulatory Authority, while the company has registered for product marketing purposes in Ireland, Luxembourg, and the UK.