Spotlight on Daegu as Blockchain Strategy Forum Approaches

As the Virtual Asset User Protection Act is set to take effect in July, South Korean virtual asset services providers (VASPs) are preparing themselves for new crypto accounting standards. This development is pushing crypto businesses to take consultation services from accounting firms, local media outlet Yonhap Infomax today reported.  Pronounced last year, the new crypto accounting guideline is scheduled to be applied to VASPs starting this July. Rather than providing clear and explicit standards, the guideline requires crypto businesses to interpret it on their own based on “reasonable grounds.” One accountant in the crypto industry said that individual crypto exchanges are wrapping their heads around the new crypto accounting standards, pondering over numerous issues such as whether to manage customer assets in a single record-keeping system. Photo by Volkan Olmez on UnsplashThe most significant concern among VASPs is that the new standard will highly likely recognize crypto assets entrusted by customers as either assets or liabilities. So far, local crypto exchanges haven’t recognized custodial tokens as assets; instead, they have been including these tokens in the footnotes. Only the money users deposited in Korean won has been acknowledged as “customer deposit liabilities.” Dunamu, the operator of crypto exchange Upbit, stated in the footnotes of its previous quarterly report that virtual assets entrusted by customers do not meet the accounting definition of an asset, leading the exchange to exclude its users’ custodial tokens from the asset category.  Varying interpretation of ‘control over custodial assets’ A lot is at stake depending on how individual crypto exchanges interpret the new guideline. If crypto exchanges are deemed to have control over custodial assets, they must meticulously document the details of the assets in custody on their financial statements, including the total amount of custodial assets and how they are managed under what policies.  These details would serve as decisive factors in determining who bears the liabilities in the event of future incidents.  Crypto businesses’ accounting dilemmaThe Korean financial regulators have explained that the new guideline is not the ultimate golden rule, implying that there could be a leeway for crypto businesses if they have reasonable grounds for not following the new accounting standard. However, regulators said they will conduct thorough examinations on the financial statements following their publishment, to ensure that custodial assets are not left out in the documents. This is where VASPs face a difficult choice between two different options; they can either classify custodial tokens as something other than an asset and undergo thorough examinations, or they can recognize them as an asset and risk being included in the “mutual investment-restricted group.” This is a group consisting of large local firms with over nearly KRW 10 trillion ($7.5 billion) in total assets. The companies listed in the group are subject to strict government regulations.  Previous recognition of Dunamu as ‘big firm’ raises concerns among VASPsThe local regulatory authority previously classified Dunamu as part of the mutual investment-restricted group in 2022.  At the time, Korean won deposits made by Upbit users, categorized under the customer deposit liabilities, were recognized as part of its assets by the Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC). The KFTC determined that Dunamu had controlling power over the customers’ deposits. This judgment by the KFTC led the company to fall under the mutual investment-restricted group. Once the new accounting standard takes effect in July, the likelihood is that the exchange’s custodial tokens, currently valued at KRW 20.2 trillion, will also be recognized as assets. Meanwhile, another prominent crypto exchange Bithumb is reported to have KRW 4.5 trillion in total assets.   Another accountant in the crypto industry expressed concerns, saying that VASPs will have to deal with more regulations if incorporated into the mutual investment-restricted group. The person added that recognizing custodial tokens as assets could further heighten the management risks for crypto businesses. 

At the end of last month, social derivatives trading platform ZKX, a protocol that runs on the Ethereum-centric Starknet layer-2 network, shut down blindsiding the project’s stakeholders. That event has led to Singapore-headquartered digital assets firm Amber Group speaking out, calling for cryptocurrency projects to be more accountable and transparent going forward. Not economically viableNews of the project shutdown emerged when ZKX founder Eduard Jubany Tur took to X on July 30 to outline the discontinuation of the protocol. Tur claimed that the project was “unable to find an economically viable path for the protocol.” In a long-form post, the ZKX founder outlined that user engagement had been minimal, resulting in disappointing trading volumes. By extension, Tur claimed that revenues didn’t come anywhere close to covering cloud server expenses. “The market is undervaluing the work done and infrastructure built by appchains and dApps coming from ecosystems like ours,” Tur added. Pseudonymous blockchain sleuth ZachXBT had a different take on the matter, claiming that the shutdown represented a rug pull. Amber Group chimed in on the subject on X on Aug. 3. Amber suggested that it wouldn’t break any contractual non-disclosure obligations it had with regard to ZKX but that aside, the firm took the opportunity to share its perspective more broadly in an effort to promote transparency.Photo by Markus Spiske on PexelsAmber Group criticismAmber Group criticized the ZKX team on the basis of a lack of transparency. It stated: “The last update we received was on July 30, when the project announced the cessation of operations. This decision was made without prior communication, highlighting the importance of transparency in our industry.” Staying with that theme, it claimed that clear communication and transparency are essential for fostering trust and collaboration within the crypto community, and that such principles would guide future projects. Amber Group had acted as a market maker relative to the ZKX project. It borrowed and purchased ZKX tokens in support of the launch of the token and in an effort to support token liquidity post-launch. It had secured two million ZKX tokens from the open market, with its overall holding totaling three million ZKX tokens. Project investor HashKey Capital also took to the X social media platform on the subject. Like Amber Group it too criticized the ZKX project for its lack of accountability and transparency. It described the project’s reluctance to communicate as “disappointing,” while it asserted that Tur’s handling of the situation had been “regrettable.” Ye Su, founding partner at ArkStream Capital, expressed a similar complaint, stating on X that “when ZKX shut down, as investors, we got zero heads-up.” He also singled out Tur, claiming that “Edward took the money from early supporters without any communication, showing no moral standards and losing his right to future entrepreneurship in the industry.”

Experts Offer Insights into Bitcoin ETFs, Stablecoins, and On-Chain Data AnalysisDuring Korea Investment Week 2023, hosted by local newspaper Korea Economic Daily, experts in the field of virtual assets gathered at the Korea Exchange (KRX) PR Hall on Thursday. They came together to share their expertise on the cryptocurrency market and discuss various investment strategies.Key topics covered at the event ranged from the global outlook for virtual asset exchange-traded funds (ETFs) to the prospects of the US approving Bitcoin spot ETFs. Strategies based on on-chain data analysis were also on the agenda.Photo by Kanchanara on UnsplashThe potential of Bitcoin spot ETFsOne of the notable speakers, Lee Tae-yong, the Chief Global Strategy Officer at Wavebridge, a cryptocurrency market index provider, argued that the potential approval of Bitcoin spot ETFs could attract global investors to the market. He opined that this could subsequently improve market liquidity and contribute to stabilizing the Bitcoin market.Lee has made a prediction that Bitcoin spot ETFs will likely receive approval in the United States. He cited examples from Europe, Australia, and Brazil, where such financial products are already being managed effectively. He also suggested that the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) would likely take note of this global trend and may find it challenging to go against it.Experts believe that among the various Bitcoin spot ETF applications submitted to the US SEC, Grayscale Investments’ proposal to convert the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) into an ETF stands the best chance of receiving approval first. Data from The Block indicates that the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust manages crypto assets totaling $16.13 billion as of September 7.Lee predicts that the approval of Bitcoin spot ETFs will serve as a pivotal milestone for the cryptocurrency market, potentially triggering a significant uptick in the price of Bitcoin. To support this assertion, Lee pointed to the historical precedent set by the introduction of a gold-backed ETF in 2004. Since its inception, the gold-backed ETF has swelled in value to exceed $45 billion. Importantly, gold does not have a fixed supply, yet the availability of an ETF mechanism boosted its value considerably. Lee argues that the impact on Bitcoin could be even more pronounced given its fixed supply cap.There was also a projection that virtual assets are set to play a crucial role in expanding the size of the ETF market, potentially more than doubling it. Lee pointed out that conventional ETFs typically charge fees of around 0.15%, whereas virtual asset ETFs tend to charge over 1%. This underscores that virtual assets are seen as a new revenue source among asset managers.Stablecoins and regulationsSome viewed that stablecoins would emerge as a focal point among the innovations taking place within the cryptocurrency industry. Kim Yong-beom, the CEO of Hashed Open Research and a former vice minister of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, noted that Asia has been actively advancing regulations related to stablecoins. Stablecoins are a category of cryptocurrencies that are pegged to traditional fiat currencies like the US dollar.Highlighting the efforts of many countries to develop a comprehensive regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies, Kim noted the importance of establishing regulations that accommodate stablecoins. In his view, the introduction of such regulations will amplify the impact of stablecoins within the market.Kim mentioned that Asian countries are leading in blockchain research and digital competitiveness. He said that Asian universities, particularly those in China, are among the world’s best in producing blockchain research papers and offering related lectures. Kim also pointed out that while the leadership in the blockchain industry has shifted towards Asia, South Korea is now emerging as a prominent hub for virtual assets in the region. He emphasized the need for South Korea to position itself as a more influential nation in this context.On-chain data and investmentDuring the event, a cryptocurrency investment strategy based on on-chain data was also presented. On-chain data refers to publicly accessible information about transactions conducted on a blockchain network. This data can be utilized as an investment indicator that is not available within the traditional financial sector.Ju Ki-young, the CEO of on-chain analytics resource CryptoQuant, underlined that virtual asset investors are particularly interested in tracking who is selling which tokens at any given moment. He stressed that examining on-chain data, such as deposit and withdrawal information from major cryptocurrency exchanges, can be a valuable tool for risk mitigation.