Samsung Plans to Expand Its Business Through NFTs

A regulatory divide regarding the digital asset sector is emerging across Asia. While China is moving to strengthen its prohibition on cryptocurrency operations to ensure financial stability, Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are increasingly formalizing frameworks to integrate and regulate the industry.Photo by Road Ahead on UnsplashChina cites renewed crypto speculationAccording to Reuters, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) has reaffirmed its prohibition on business activities involving digital assets, citing a renewed wave of speculation as a complication in managing financial risks. At a Nov. 28 meeting on crypto regulation, the central bank reiterated that commercial activity involving cryptocurrencies remains illegal. PBOC officials stated that enforcement against unlawful financial operations tied to cryptocurrencies would be intensified to safeguard economic stability. The central bank identified stablecoins as a primary concern, noting that they fail to meet customer identification standards and broader anti-money laundering (AML) requirements. Officials warned that these assets could create vulnerabilities to fraud, money laundering, and unregulated cross-border capital flows. Kazakhstan mulls $300M crypto moveIn contrast to Beijing’s elevated oversight, Kazakhstan is exploring the integration of digital assets into its financial reserves. According to BeInCrypto, National Bank Chairman Timur Suleimenov indicated on Nov. 28 that the monetary authority is considering an allocation of up to $300 million into crypto assets. However, he clarified that deploying the full amount is unlikely. Suleimenov explained that any potential investment would be drawn from the central bank’s gold and foreign-exchange reserves rather than the National Fund. He added that the National Bank of Kazakhstan intends to wait for market conditions to stabilize, citing recent volatility as a factor making the timing of such an investment uncertain. The latest development comes after Bloomberg Law reported last month that the country is preparing to launch a crypto reserve fund valued between $500 million and $1 billion as early as next year. This proposed fund is expected to target exchange-traded products and industry-related companies rather than direct crypto purchases, with capital potentially sourced from repatriated assets and mining proceeds. Simultaneously, the government is advancing physical infrastructure for the sector. In May, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev unveiled plans for a "CryptoCity" pilot zone in the Alatau development north of Almaty. Under this government-approved sandbox program, authorities are testing blockchain-based tools for taxation, investment, and decentralized identity systems, with the aim of positioning Kazakhstan as a regional hub for innovation. Turkmenistan to launch licensing rulesFurther deepening the regional trend toward adoption, Turkmenistan has moved to establish a formal legal infrastructure for the sector.  Another Reuters report said the country recently passed legislation to legalize and regulate digital assets, which President Serdar Berdymukhamedov has signed into law. Scheduled to take effect on Jan. 1, the legislation creates a licensing regime for crypto exchanges and mining operations. A government spokesperson said the law spells out the legal and economic status of virtual assets, covering their creation, storage, circulation, and other functions, and aims to boost digitalization and draw foreign investment. Despite their differing approaches, the three countries reflect a shared recognition of digital assets’ growing relevance in global finance. China continues to view cryptocurrencies as a source of systemic risk, while Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are testing whether regulation, licensing, and selective investment can deliver economic gains without compromising stability. Together, these diverging paths underscore a broader debate over whether engagement or exclusion offers a more resilient long-term model. 

The Deutsche Bundesbank, Germany’s central bank, has joined Project Guardian, a collaboration established in 2022 between the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the financial sector, with an emphasis on the use of asset tokenization to improve liquidity and efficiency within financial markets.Photo by Rachel Davis on UnsplashAssessing DLT technologyIn a press release published on Nov. 8, Bundesbank Executive Board member Burkhard Balz suggested that the central bank is aligned with MAS in that both central banks are interested in determining “how innovative technologies and concepts, such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) or blockchain, can be put to meaningful use in the financial sector.” In joining Project Guardian, the Bundesbank will take part in the Asset & Wealth Management workstream, testing an interoperable blockchain platform for tokenized and digital funds. While the German central bank has just announced details of its participation in Project Guardian, in a speech given at the Layer One Summit, an event which formed part of the Singapore Fintech Festival last week, MAS Deputy Director Leong Sing Chiong welcomed the Bundesbank, alongside the World Bank, to Project Guardian.  The MAS executive clarified that the Deutsche Bundesbank and the World Bank would join the project’s Policymaker Group. He outlined that the role of that group is to “help provide inputs on governance arrangements, guidance on how GL1 [Global Layer One] infrastructures can be developed in line with global standards, and advice on appropriate regulatory guardrails for tokenised asset transactions.” GL1 refers to an initiative that has been established to create the foundational digital infrastructure to facilitate tokenized assets. Cross-border collaborationThrough its involvement in Project Guardian, the German central bank hopes to strengthen cross-border collaboration, while at the same time, progressing matters related to the “standardisation and interoperability of digital assets.” In working towards the goal of standardization, MAS has published two comprehensive reports covering fixed income tokenization and fund tokenization. MAS believes that the use of too many individual private DLT networks is resulting in fragmentation, with a detrimental effect with regard to liquidity. Consequently, the Singaporean central bank is establishing the Guardian Wholesale Network to improve liquidity and achieve asset tokenization at scale. The network will consist of Citi, Schroders, Standard Chartered, UOB and HSBC. Additionally, it was recently announced that SBI Digital Markets, a Singapore-based affiliate company of Japan’s SBI Digital Asset Holdings (SBI DAH), intends to contribute towards greater liquidity through its involvement in a fixed income asset tokenization pilot. Meanwhile, Citi and Fidelity have developed a proof of concept for a digital foreign exchange (FX) swap, enabled within an on-chain money market fund (MMF).  Tokenization inflection pointLeong went on to claim that while nobody has succeeded yet in implementing tokenization at scale, an inflection point has been reached with regard to the use of tokenization. He added that many use cases are promising relative to tokenization but that there is a need for supporting infrastructure “to enable good use cases to scale beyond individual networks.” In the press release, Leong said that the Bundesbank’s expertise “will be invaluable as we work together to enhance liquidity and efficiency of financial markets through asset tokenisation.”

While the crypto markets have not been immune to geopolitical developments, the sector in Iran experienced a more direct effect last week with a politically motivated $90 million exchange hack, prompting the authorities to introduce an exchange curfew. Blockchain analytics firm Chainalysis outlined on X on June 18 that Nobitex, Iran’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, had been hacked, with crypto assets to the value of $90 million having been drained from exchange-controlled wallets.Photo by Engin Akyurt on PexelsWeaponizing blockchain technologyThe hack had the hallmark of a politically-motivated attack given that rather than the digital assets being stolen, they were sent to vanity addresses, customized blockchain addresses involving user-defined sequences of characters. The vanity addresses contained “politically charged messages” and in sending the funds to them, the funds were effectively burned as they’re now permanently inaccessible.  The firm stated:”This incident highlights how crypto exploits aren’t always financially motivated. Bad actors can weaponize blockchain technology for geopolitical messaging, turning hacks into ideological statements rather than profit-driven crimes.” Pro-Israel hacker group Gonjeshke Darande, also known as “Predatory Sparrow,” appears to have carried out the hack, given that on June 18, it outlined on X that it would release Nobitex’s source code together with other internal information related to the firm’s internal network, while confirming that it had conducted cyberattacks against the company. The group made the following assertion:”The Nobitex exchange is at the heart of the [Iranian] regime’s efforts to finance terror worldwide, as well as being the regime’s favorite sanctions violation tool.” Rafe Pilling, director of threat intelligence at Sophos, a British cybersecurity company, told The Guardian that Predatory Sparrow “bears all the hallmarks of a false persona used by a government-sponsored threat group to conduct disruptive operations against targets” linked to the Iranian government. While Nobitex is estimated to have seven million users, an Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)-based investigation carried out in 2024 linked relatives of Ali Khamenei, Iran’s supreme leader, and other Iranian establishment figures to the crypto exchange. Minimizing systemic riskThe cyber attack has prompted a response from the Iranian government. In a blog post, Chainalysis outlined that the Central Bank of Iran has instructed all domestic crypto exchange platforms to curtail their service hours to between 10 a.m. and 8 p.m. The company speculated that this measure could be motivated by a desire to impose a higher level of oversight and control over the local crypto sector. However, it also suggested that it may be part of an attempt by the Iranian authorities to manage and minimize systemic risk. In recent years, Iran has been subject to extensive international sanctions applied by various entities including the United States, the European Union and the United Nations. Those sanctions have had a significant impact upon the country’s economy, triggering high inflation and currency devaluation.  With that, crypto has been increasingly viewed by the authorities as a means to circumvent sanctions. Last December, the Iranian authorities appeared to be working towards regulating crypto, embracing the asset class in acknowledgement of its growing importance to the Iranian economy. In February, Chainalysis reported that sanctioned entities worldwide had received $15.8 billion in crypto transactions in 2024.