Turkish crypto legislation: anticipated reforms await clarity

Vietnam has launched a five-year pilot program imposing stringent new rules on the cryptocurrency industry, signaling a move toward tighter control over the rapidly growing sector. According to a Sept. 9 report from the Government Electronic Newspaper, cited by Cointelegraph, the resolution put the regulatory framework into immediate effect. The move aims to establish clear rules for the trading and issuance of crypto assets in the country.Photo by Silver Ringvee on UnsplashLocal currency and licensing requirementsUnder the new pilot program, all crypto transactions must be conducted in the local currency, the Vietnamese dong. The rules stipulate that only Vietnamese-registered enterprises may issue digital assets, while foreign investors can access them only through crypto asset service providers (CASPs) licensed by the Ministry of Finance. Firms seeking a license face high barriers to entry. Applicants must demonstrate profitable business operations for the two consecutive years preceding their application. Furthermore, CASPs are required to maintain a minimum capital of 10 trillion dong (approximately $379 million). The pilot also places firm restrictions on the nature of crypto assets themselves. They must be backed exclusively by real, tangible assets. The issuance of assets backed by fiat currencies or securities is prohibited. Broader legal contextThis pilot program follows the country's decision in June to officially legalize digital assets, with the new law set to take effect on Jan. 1, 2026. The legislation categorizes digital assets into two types: virtual assets, used for exchange or investment, and crypto assets, which rely on encryption for validation. The law clarifies that neither category includes securities, digital representations of fiat currency, or other financial instruments already defined under existing civil and financial laws. The framework also mandates that regulatory agencies implement robust measures to ensure cybersecurity and combat money laundering and terrorism financing. High adoption and tech initiativesThe government's focus on regulation comes as no surprise, given Vietnam's position as a global leader in cryptocurrency adoption. A recent study by Chainalysis ranked Vietnam fourth in its 2025 Global Crypto Adoption Index, highlighting widespread grassroots activity across both centralized and decentralized platforms, similar to trends seen in India and Pakistan. Beyond regulation, Vietnam is actively leveraging blockchain technology for national infrastructure. The government has deployed NDAChain, a national blockchain platform designed to authenticate and trace data origins. Developed by the National Data Association, it aims to provide a decentralized layer of trust for critical systems in e-government, finance, healthcare, and education, addressing the vulnerabilities of centralized data models. Hanoi's crypto ambitions also extend beyond its borders. Last month, Vietnam's Military Bank signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Dunamu, the operator of South Korea’s largest crypto exchange, Upbit. The partnership is aimed at developing Vietnam’s financial landscape, with Dunamu providing expertise on establishing a crypto exchange, building a regulatory framework, and implementing investor protection measures. 

At the Foresight 2024 Hong Kong Summit on Aug. 11, Gary Tiu, director and head of regulatory affairs for OSL, a crypto market custodian, exchange and prime brokerage, outlined in a panel discussion that the crypto exchange-traded fund (ETF) market in the Chinese autonomous territory is challenged insofar as it lacks market incentives.Photo by Cecelia Chang on UnsplashThe intermediary problemTiu’s company hosted the event, alongside Foresight News and crypto publication The Block, who reported on Tiu’s comments. The OSL executive said that when it comes to funds and structured products in Hong Kong, there’s a “very rich layer of intermediaries— brokers, banks, private banks, retail banks, etc.” involved. Tiu explained that they make a lot of money from the distribution of such products, resulting in unlisted products being marketed far more effectively by comparison with listed products. It’s against that backdrop of misaligned incentives that Tiu identifies challenges for crypto ETFs on the public markets in Hong Kong. He stated: “So I think the incentive system in Hong Kong is one of the reasons why ETFs do have a bit of a hard time growing as a financial instrument.” In the case of ETFs, the OSL executive explained that equity brokers take just a few basis points in commission, only about 1-2% of what they make on the sale of structured products. Bias against Bitcoin and EtherTiu is also of the belief that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ether have a reputational problem among Hong Kong’s investment community, stating: “I think there is still a bit of a bias in the eyes of the regulators and also in the eyes of the financial institutions, that somehow bitcoin ETF is just this unique class of risk that you need to be extra cautious about.” Chen Zhao, who heads up the digital assets section of Hong Kong-based independent financial advisory firm Fosun Wealth, chimed in with his own concerns. According to Zhao, the crypto ETF products currently marketed in Hong Kong are lacking in terms of the depth of dealers and brokers offering the products. Zhao explained that there are three main types of market participant active on the Hong Kong markets, namely western institutions, Hong Kong-based institutions and their counterparts from mainland China.  Zhao stated: “Chinese brokers and dealers, they’re not allowed or they choose not to deal with the product, and for the western financial institutions, they don’t have the necessity of dealing the products because they acquire more fees and incentives, and have easier access to the U.S. ETFs.” While progress is far more modest by comparison with the U.S. market, the Hong Kong crypto ETF market continues to develop, with spot Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs setting a record trading volume last week. In the same week, Mox Bank, a subsidiary of British banking multinational Standard Chartered, launched trading services relative to spot Bitcoin and Ethereum ETF products in Hong Kong. Last month, OSL CEO Patrick Pan, anticipated that an Ethereum ETF product that incorporated staking would launch in Hong Kong within six months. Many commentators have suggested that institutional interest in Ethereum ETFs will begin in earnest once a yield-producing staking product hits the market.

Siam Commercial Bank (SCB), Thailand’s oldest bank and fourth-largest lender, has launched a cross-border payments service which depends upon the use of stablecoins.  The project is the culmination of a collaboration between SCB, SCB 10X, the disruptive technology investment arm of the SCBX Group, payment solutions provider Lightnet and blockchain development platform Fireblocks. It has successfully completed its testing phase within the Bank of Thailand’s regulatory sandbox, moving forward to the commercialization phase. According to Indian news portal Business News This Week, SCB launched the cross-border payments solution on October 16 in an effort to get out ahead of its TradFi peers relative to banking and financial services innovation.Photo by allPhoto Bangkok on PexelsFaster with lower costsThe service will enable 24/7 transfers on an international basis for the bank’s retail users. In accessing the service, users may use local currency to make transactions. Ordinarily cross-border payments implicate a number of steps in order to complete clearance, including the need to effect a currency conversion. Furthermore, banks need to maintain nostro/vostro accounts with foreign banks to complete such transfers.  In this instance, the bank is claiming that transactions using the service will be much faster than existing cross-border transfer options. The clearance and settlement process will be far more efficient in terms of the time required and the liquidity requirements. Pre-funding required in the legacy process has been eliminated, reducing capital requirements, while operational costs have also been reduced. SCB’s First Executive Vice President and Head of Digital Juristic and Payment, Thanawatn Kittisuwan, commented on the development, stating: “By integrating blockchain technology, the project promises a more efficient, reliable, and accessible solution for cross-border transactions. By leveraging blockchain technology and stablecoins, we are making cross-border remittances more efficient, reliable, and accessible for everyone. SCB has a long-standing tradition of embracing innovative technologies to enhance our financial services. This latest collaboration with Lightnet and Fireblocks builds upon SCB’s history of pioneering fintech solutions. ” Improved customer experienceLightnet CEO Tribodi Arunanondchai suggested that the new service will provide significant improvements to customers’ experience in cross-border money transfer. He added that the service “promotes financial inclusion as there is a lower capital requirement per transaction,” while strengthening Thailand’s position as an ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) financial hub.  SCB and Lightnet first partnered in 2020. At that point, the duo envisaged that there was scope to cooperate in order to facilitate payment processing and frictionless real-time remittances to Thailand from any point overseas with low fees. Lightnet relies upon the Velo Protocol to enable its remittance services. Back in 2022 the firm received a $50 million commitment from LDA Capital, with Lightnet earmarking the funding to boost cross-border payments over the Velo protocol. For its part SCB has demonstrated its interest in crypto beyond this Lightnet collaboration. In 2023 the bank struck a deal with South Korean crypto venture capital firm Hashed, with the objective of pooling resources and researching and exploring how best to deploy any research outcomes relative to the company’s affiliates. The bank has also been involved in developing an application for Thailand’s central bank digital currency, the digital baht.