Kazakhstan’s sovereign wealth fund to invest in crypto

Major Korean Crypto Exchanges Strengthen on NFT Projects Despite Crypto WinterDespite crypto winter, major Korean cryptocurrency exchanges Upbit and Bithumb strengthened on staff and included new non-fungible token (NFT) projects.US Tightening Policy Effects on Crypto MarketAccording to the electronic disclosure system operated by the Financial Supervisory Service, Upbit’s operator Dunamu saw a net income of 130.8 billion won last year, down by 94% from 2.21 trillion won. Bithumb also experienced a decline of 85% from 648.4 billion won to 95.4 billion won. This downturn is reportedly attributed to the tightening monetary policy by the US and weaker market sentiment on risky assets.Insights on Korean NFT MarketBoth exchanges, Upbit and Bithumb, having seen meager profitability in crypto trading, recruited more talent to embark on NFT projects. However, the picture is not so rosy for these new endeavors, considering the tepid NFT trade volume. According to The Block, the NFT trade volume last month reached $983.4 billion, which is lower than $1.4 trillion, the previous month’s record.The NFT trade volume on Upbit last month also experienced year-on-year and month-on-month decreases of 48.6% and 14.5%, respectively.Last week, Dunamu CEO Sirgoo Lee said in a shareholders’ meeting that its NFT projects are underachieving and that he is reconsidering the new projects from scratch. He added that Dunamu will build a solid foundation in Korea while promoting global businesses starting from the US through Levvels, a blockchain-based platform jointly established by Dunamu and the entertainment company HYBE.Outlook on the Korean MarketBithumb, on the other hand, will bolster new projects through Bithumb Meta and Rotonda. Bithumb Meta recently launched the beta service of its original metaverse Naemo Market where users can use NFTs to decorate their own personal digital space. Rotonda released Burrito Wallet last February to allow waller holders to store NFTs, cryptocurrencies, and fiat currencies.Meanwhile, there was a mixed outlook on the Korean crypto market. One person said in an interview with Hankooki that greater workforces in the country’s leading crypto exchanges could suggest the market’s growth, but also pointed out that their bigger sizes might hinder them from maneuvering when faced with other unexpected risks.

China’s Jiangsu Province Integrates Digital Yuan Into Education SystemChina has taken a raft of measures to try to build momentum in its digital currency, the digital yuan or e-CNY, with the latest step being an expansion into the education system in Jiangsu Province.Photo by Kimberly Farmer on UnsplashChina’s digital yuan is a legal tender fully backed by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) and pegged to the renminbi. Unlike most cryptocurrencies, it is not decentralized or anonymous but is monitored by the PBOC. While adoption has been slow, China has been first off the blocks in developing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) to the point of some level of active use by comparison with its international peers.Enforcing a payments use caseJiangsu Province will attempt to establish the use of the digital yuan in its education system by the end of 2025, according to the Jiangsu Education Department. By the end of the year, students studying within the province are likely to be paying tuition fees using the digital currency. The pilot plan that Jiangsu administrators within the province’s Education Department have put together also aims to establish a means through which examination registration fees will be paid in digital yuan, while scholarships will be received in the digital currency.Zhou Maohua, a researcher with Beijing-headquartered Everbright Bank, told China Daily that it is imperative that more users are registered and go on to actively use the digital yuan to further its development.“The establishment of infrastructure for the digital yuan should be further accelerated,” said Maohua. “Its software and hardware must be upgraded to improve user experience. The security and reliability of the system must also be strengthened,” he added.Over the course of the past three months, four million digital yuan accounts have been opened by ordinary citizens within Jiangsu Province. Total e-CNY transactions have reached a level in excess of 200 billion yuan ($29 billion).Multiple initiativesIn April, the administrators of the city of Changshu, which is situated within Jiangsu Province, announced that it was gearing up to commence paying state employees within the city in digital yuan. Around the same time, officials within the city of Xuzhou, also located within Jiangsu Province, announced that they were in the process of publishing a pilot scheme which will set out a means for promoting China’s e-CNY digital currency.If that was enough in proving Jiangsu’s commitment to furthering the development of the e-CNY, another Jiangsu Province city, Suzhou, was one of the first locations in China to run a digital yuan pilot scheme in April 2020.Earlier this month, it was revealed that the French international banking group, BNP Paribas, had partnered with the BOC in enabling an initiative to promote the use of the digital yuan among its corporate clients.China is working with other countries on a Multiple CBDC Bridge project to explore the feasibility of cross-border fund transfers among different currencies. Launching its own CBDC for cross-border transfers may allow China to reduce its reliance on the US dollar and increase its influence over global trade and monetary policy.

Bank of Korea Anticipated to Conduct Retail CBDC Pilot TestThe Bank of Korea (BOK), the South Korean central bank, is reportedly planning to conduct a pilot test for distributing retail central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to the general public via commercial banks, according to a report by local news outlet IT Chosun.Photo by Zequn Gui on UnsplashBOK’s CBDC initiativesIn 2020, the BOK initiated a pilot test for CBDC issuance, establishing a platform for both online and offline payments. Last month, the BOK announced the successful completion of a CBDC simulation to ensure connectivity with commercial banks.A representative from a commercial bank stated that the BOK would recruit banks next month for a retail CBDC experiment. The pilot test for this retail CBDC is projected to take place next year.Wholesale and retailThe upcoming CBDC pilot test aims to cater to the retail needs of ordinary citizens. There are two types of CBDCs: wholesale CBDCs, which facilitate payments between financial institutions, and retail CBDCs, which are accessible to all economic entities, including the general public.The successful execution of the retail CBDC pilot test requires close collaboration between the BOK and commercial banks. A banking official highlighted that while the BOK can outline the distribution framework for wholesale CBDCs, it may not be the most suitable entity to design the intricate distribution scheme for retail CBDCs.Last year, 15 financial institutions, including five commercial banks (KB Kookmin Bank, Shinhan Bank, Hana Bank, Woori Bank, and NongHyup Bank), participated in an inter-institutional CBDC linkage experiment with the BOK. The BOK is expected to select banks from among these participants to design the distribution structure of retail CBDCs and proceed with a pilot test.Speculative timelineAn official from a commercial bank that took part in the BOK’s prior experiment said that the Korean central bank has recently maintained close communication with commercial banks and successfully completed the infrastructure linkage test for CBDCs. The official also mentioned that the retail CBDC test is expected to see its completion this year, potentially enabling the commencement of retail CBDC implementations in the private sector next year.However, a BOK official expressed a more cautious stance. The official stated that the BOK has recently expanded its digital currency research team and plans to conduct further research in the future. Specific timelines and plans for the retail CBDC test could not be disclosed at this time.Other countriesDifferent countries have adopted varying approaches to CBDC research and implementation, depending on their economic conditions. Developing nations have been promoting CBDC issuance to facilitate financial inclusion, while developed countries have prioritized the stability of their financial systems.However, as cash payments decline and private digital currencies continue to proliferate, developed countries are also turning their attention to retail CBDCs. For instance, the Bank of England collaborated with the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) to establish and experiment with retail CBDC prototype infrastructure. Similarly, the European Union (EU) has released draft legislation to introduce the digital euro as a legal tender within the Eurozone.