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Korea’s Upbit operator secures renewal amid influx of former regulatory officials

Policy & Regulation·December 26, 2025, 8:05 AM

Dunamu, the operator of South Korea’s largest crypto exchange, Upbit, secured approval to renew its registration as a virtual asset service provider (VASP), ending 16 months of regulatory limbo that had clouded the domestic market.

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According to Newsis, the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) under the Financial Services Commission (FSC) granted the approval on Dec. 23. Industry participants view the decision as a stabilizing signal for the sector amid the country’s evolving crypto regulations.

 

Under South Korean law, VASPs must renew their licenses every three years. Dunamu submitted its application by the statutory deadline of Aug. 21, 2024, but the review faced prolonged delays due to FIU staffing shortages and overlapping sanctions proceedings.

 

Regulators had flagged Dunamu for alleged violations regarding customer due diligence and transaction restrictions, resulting in a 35.2 billion won ($24.4 million) fine. Prior to the fine, the FIU issued a disciplinary warning to Dunamu’s chief executive and ordered a three-month partial suspension of operations.

 

Dunamu is currently contesting the suspension and warnings in court, with a fourth hearing scheduled for February 2026. Despite the ongoing litigation, the company stated it has addressed all regulatory issues and implemented measures to prevent recurrence.

 

Market clarity fuels expansion, IPO ambitions

With uncertainty surrounding the market leader resolved, observers expect other exchanges to feel emboldened to pursue expansion, including new business launches and potential initial public offerings (IPOs).

 

Bithumb, the country’s second-largest exchange, is weighing a public listing as early as next year. Securing license renewal would bolster market confidence and expand the company’s strategic flexibility. Other major platforms, including Coinone, Korbit, and Gopax, filed renewal applications late last year. Each faces sanctions proceedings for alleged legal violations, leaving the market closely watching for FIU rulings.

 

Exchanges recruit ex-regulators

With regulatory scrutiny remaining a constant challenge, South Korean exchanges are increasingly recruiting former senior financial regulators to navigate the legal landscape.

 

Citing data from the FSC and the Financial Supervisory Service (FSS), Segye Ilbo reported that the flow of senior officials into the crypto sector has accelerated. Between January and November, eight former FSS officials at Grade 4 or above moved to crypto firms—well above the historical norm of one or two annually.

 

Over the past two years, 16 former FSS officials have moved into the crypto industry, with nine joining Dunamu and seven moving to Bithumb. Industry insiders link the trend to the enforcement of the Virtual Asset User Protection Act in July 2024, which brought the sector under a formal regulatory framework. Exchanges are seeking the expertise of retired regulators to manage legal risk and strengthen government relations, particularly ahead of planned phase-two legislation focused on stablecoins.

 

TradFi enters as systemic risks watched

As digital assets move within official regulatory boundaries, traditional financial institutions are accelerating their entry into the sector. On Dec. 26, Korea Investment & Securities signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Bithumb to collaborate on asset management services, Yonhap News reported. The partnership aims to combine the brokerage's equities expertise with the exchange's digital asset capabilities to offer tailored products.

 

However, the deepening ties between crypto and traditional finance have drawn the central bank's attention.

 

In a Financial Stability Report released Dec. 23, the Bank of Korea (BOK) noted that the correlation between Bitcoin and the S&P 500 has increased since 2020. The BOK attributed this to the introduction of crypto-related financial products, such as ETFs, and increased participation by institutional investors and publicly listed companies holding crypto.

 

Spillover risks in South Korea remain contained given the limited level of corporate participation, despite the government’s move earlier this year to gradually permit corporate crypto holdings. However, the central bank warned that greater institutional participation enabled by regulatory easing could intensify risk transmission. The report underscored the need for safeguards to insulate Korean equities from crypto-market shocks.

 

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Policy & Regulation·

Aug 05, 2023

Oman’s Regulator Invites Feedback on Virtual Asset Framework

Oman’s Regulator Invites Feedback on Virtual Asset FrameworkProgressing toward the establishment of its own virtual asset regulations, the Sultanate of Oman is embarking on a significant step by soliciting public feedback on its comprehensive framework.The framework, which governs digital assets, is being developed by the Capital Market Authority (CMA) of Oman. The move reflects the country’s commitment to creating a robust regulatory environment for the virtual asset sector.The CMA’s consultation paper, released last week, outlines the agency’s objectives in crafting this regulatory framework. It aims to provide a viable financing and investment avenue for issuers and investors while also addressing the inherent risks associated with the virtual asset class. Central to this initiative is the integration of business requirements and measures to prevent market abuse.Photo by Niklas Weiss on Unsplash26 key questionsAt the heart of this regulatory endeavor are 26 crucial questions presented to industry stakeholders. Their valuable input will help shape the framework’s core components. These include provisions related to regulatory standards and licensing prerequisites for virtual asset service providers (VASPs), corporate governance, risk management, and the issuance of virtual assets.The proposed framework, as disclosed in the consultation paper, encompasses a spectrum of digital assets. This spans utility tokens, security tokens, fiat-backed and asset-backed stablecoins, and other currencies adhering to the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF) definition of virtual assets. However, a noteworthy proposal that has garnered attention is the potential prohibition of privacy coins issuance, a decision pending public feedback.Aiming to reinforce accountability and stability, the CMA may mandate that VASPs establish a local presence in Oman through legally recognized entities and physical offices. Additionally, minimum capital requirements could be imposed on these entities. The envisaged framework may also stipulate that virtual asset firms maintain a low percentage of assets in hot wallets, conduct audits of safeguarded assets, and provide evidence of reserves.Shaping regulation through feedbackWith the consultation phase set to conclude on August 17, the public’s valuable feedback will shape the direction of Oman’s virtual asset regulations. The most salient viewpoints may find their place on the CMA’s official website. Following this consultation period, the CMA will proceed to finalize the regulatory framework.Although the public announcement regarding the launch of a regulatory framework was made on February 14, Oman’s journey toward regulating the virtual asset industry began well before. In November 2020, the National Committee for Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing initiated discussions on forming a task force.Comprising officials from the CMA and the Central Bank of Oman, the task force explored whether to permit or prohibit virtual asset activities. Subsequently, in December 2022, consultants were engaged to facilitate the establishment of this new regulatory landscape.The United Arab Emirates, and in particular, the individual emirates of Dubai and Abu Dhabi, have led the way in the Middle East in progressing a workable framework for the digital asset industry. Oman’s proactive approach is following the example set by its regional peer.Shaping its virtual asset framework underlines its desire to foster innovation while ensuring the integrity of its financial landscape. Its latest effort in seeking public feedback is a positive development that should assist it in arriving at a progressive framework.

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Markets·

Jul 11, 2023

Singapore and the Philippines Lead Crypto Interest in Southeast Asia

Singapore and the Philippines Lead Crypto Interest in Southeast AsiaSingapore and the Philippines have emerged as the frontrunners in Southeast Asia’s crypto landscape in 2023, capturing the majority of regional interest.Research carried out by Malaysian cryptocurrency data aggregator CoinGecko reveals that on a per capita basis, Singapore holds a 43.5% share of crypto interest, followed closely by the Philippines with 40.3%.Photo by Kenneth Koh on UnsplashRegional crypto hubSingapore has established itself as a crypto hub not only within Southeast Asia but also in the wider Asia region. It was previously ranked as the third most crypto-curious country globally and has consistently been one of the top Web3 gaming countries for three consecutive years.Other countries in Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia, also contribute to the region’s crypto interest, although at more modest levels. Combined, these countries represent 14.7% of the per capita crypto interest in the region so far this year.GameFi driving interestIn the Philippines, crypto interest is primarily driven by GameFi, and the country has maintained its position as the leading Web3 gaming country from 2021 to 2023. The Philippines witnessed the Axie Infinity mania, with local gaming guilds and inspiring rags-to-riches success stories. Additionally, it was among the top countries embracing meme coins earlier this year, alongside Malaysia.Vietnam shares a strong interest in GameFi, placing it among the top Web3 gaming countries for three consecutive years. Thailand and Indonesia have witnessed substantial trading volumes on their crypto exchanges, with $37.94 billion and $23.97 billion respectively in 2022.Notably, Malaysia has a significant presence in the crypto industry, despite its relatively smaller impact. The country is home to two prominent crypto data tools, CoinGecko and Etherscan, which were founded by Malaysian teams and are headquartered in the country.In contrast, smaller Southeast Asian economies such as Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, Laos, and Timor-Leste have a combined share of only 1.5% of regional crypto interest per capita. While these markets remain largely untapped, their low adoption rates are unlikely to improve in the near term. Except for Brunei, which is a wealthy nation, the smaller Southeast Asian economies are categorized as lower-middle income countries.Regarding the specific cryptocurrencies drawing attention in Southeast Asia in 2023, Layer 1, GameFi, meme coins, and DeFi-related crypto have emerged as the most popular categories. The top-ranking cryptocurrencies within these narratives account for 22.2% each of the region’s interest so far this year.The Philippines, as the top Web3 gaming country, showcases three GameFi cryptocurrencies — Smooth Love Potion (SLP), Ronin (RON), and Wemix (WEMIX) — among its most popular choices. Malaysian investors also show interest in DeFi projects like Maple (MPL) and BoringDAO (BORING), in addition to Bitcoin.Singapore’s popular crypto choices include The Graph (GRT), Bitcoin (BTC), and Pepe (PEPE). Vietnam demonstrates ongoing interest in Aptos (APT) and privacy tool Bob (BOB), while Thailand focuses on Gala (GALA) and Canto (CANTO). Finally, Indonesia monitors Not Financial Advice (NFAI) and AirSwap (AST).Overall, Singapore and the Philippines lead the way in crypto interest within Southeast Asia, while other countries in the region also contribute to the evolving crypto landscape.

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Web3 & Enterprise·

Aug 14, 2023

China’s Bitmain Makes Plans to Unveil World’s First 1XJ/T Bitcoin Miner

China’s Bitmain Makes Plans to Unveil World’s First 1XJ/T Bitcoin MinerBitmain, the leading player in the cryptocurrency mining equipment business, is set to host the upcoming 2023 Global Digital Mining Summit (WDMS 2023) in Hong Kong, using the event as a springboard to launch its latest Bitcoin miner.The Beijing-headquartered mining equipment manufacturer set out its summit and equipment launch plans on Chinese social media platform WeChat on Monday.Photo by Dmitry Demidko on UnsplashIntroducing the ANTMINER S21With the theme “Empower the Bull Market, Mine with Timing,” the summit will aim to assist clients in strategically positioning themselves in the mining sector to reap the rewards of the next crypto bull market. During the event, Bitmain will introduce its latest research and development achievement — the ANTMINER S21 mining machine.The ANTMINER S21 is likely to take its place at the forefront of Bitcoin mining, given that Bitmain’s ANTMINER series has dominated the mining sector in recent years. Bitmain claims that with the S21, it is introducing a miner with unmatched computing power and efficiency, ushering the global mining industry into the 1XJ/T (Joules/Terahash) era.Ever greater efficiencyBitmain has consistently led the industry’s technological innovations, starting with the S9 model, which first broke the 100J/T barrier, to the S19 series with efficiency ratings of 34.5J/T, 29.5J/T, 21.5J/T, and 20.8J/T. The upcoming S21 is expected to continue this track record of ever greater Bitcoin miner efficiency.In addition to technological advancements, Bitmain is using the summit as a mechanism to offer benefits to attendees. The company will launch a customer points system, allowing clients to apply for credit limits for S21 miners based on their points, enabling them to mine first and pay later. Moreover, the points system will facilitate conversion of points into exclusive coupons for the ANTMINER S21.Hong Kong venueHong Kong has been chosen as the venue for this summit and that’s likely by design rather than by coincidence. Over the course of the past twelve months, the Chinese autonomous territory has been making huge strides in its efforts to become a center for blockchain and crypto-related business.In recent months, Hong Kong has announced several supportive blockchain policies, attracting a significant pool of Web3 talent. The summit will also feature keynote speeches from local government officials, indicating the willingness of the local administration to take every opportunity to further Hong Kong’s strategic objective of furthering crypto, blockchain, and Web3 in the city.Bitcoin mining has proven to be ruthless in its drive towards ever greater efficiency. This is playing out mainly on two different fronts. Firstly, in terms of the cost of the energy input. Miners continue to innovate in this area, to the extent that at this point, it’s difficult to remain competitive if an operation is not tapping into an energy source with a near zero input cost. This is being exploited by sourcing energy that is surplus to energy grid requirements, oftentimes renewable energy, that would otherwise be wasted.The second major factor is the efficiency of the miners themselves. Entities that gain early access to the latest generation of miners from Bitmain and other mining equipment manufacturers immediately become more efficient than the other mining outfits that they compete with to unlock Bitcoin mining rewards on the Bitcoin network.

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