Legislator calls for Bitcoin reserve in Hong Kong

The Japan Exchange Group (JPX), operator of the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges, is considering measures to curb the expansion of publicly listed digital-asset treasury (DAT) firms, according to sources speaking to Bloomberg. JPX is reportedly exploring various regulatory avenues, ranging from tightening backdoor listing rules to mandating new audits for applicable firms. Following recent scrutiny from the exchange, three Japanese public companies have suspended their cryptocurrency purchase plans since September. These firms were reportedly warned that pursuing crypto investment as a core strategy could restrict their ability to raise future capital. While JPX currently lacks binding regulations explicitly prohibiting listed companies from accumulating digital assets, a representative stated that the exchange is monitoring firms with potential governance and risk issues to protect the interests of shareholders and investors.Photo by Su San Lee on UnsplashMetaplanet responds to regulatory concernsFollowing the Bloomberg report, Metaplanet, a Japanese public company that has adopted a Bitcoin accumulation strategy similar to that of the American firm Strategy, issued a clarifying statement. The firm asserted that it "has not been subject to any regulatory actions or investigations by relevant authorities concerning our business operations." Metaplanet emphasized its willingness to engage in constructive dialogue with regulators should any inquiries arise. According to BitcoinTreasuries.net data, Metaplanet is currently Japan’s largest corporate Bitcoin holder and ranks fourth globally among public companies, trailing only Strategy, MARA Holdings, and XXI. The extent of the firm’s commitment to this strategy was highlighted by Shinpei Okuno, Metaplanet’s Head of IR and Capital Strategy, who shared the company’s holdings via X. Balance sheet data as of September 30, 2025, reveals that Bitcoin accounts for 99% of Metaplanet’s total assets, 542.7 billion yen out of 550.7 billion yen. Okuno noted that the company aims to maintain a balance sheet structure that supports the issuance of digital credits collateralized by its crypto holdings. Market performance and sector outlookThe stock performance of DAT firms highlights the market's reaction to these risks. According to Yahoo Finance data, Metaplanet’s share price has declined 40.29% over the past six months to 372 yen. This drop outpaces Bitcoin’s 8% decline over the same period. This downward pressure is visible across the broader DAT sector. Decrypt reported that Strategy's stock has fallen 50% from its July peak, while SharpLink, which invests in Ethereum, has dropped nearly 90%. Data from StrategyTracker indicates that the market-net-asset values (mNAVs) of these firms have slipped to near or below 1, reflecting depressed valuations. Analysts warn that low mNAVs complicate capital raising efforts, potentially forcing these firms to liquidate crypto holdings to cover operating expenses. At the same time, the analysts acknowledged possible tailwinds. Fakhul Miah, Managing Director at GoMining Institutional, told Decrypt that Bitcoin-oriented DATs generally outperform those investing in multiple, higher-risk crypto assets. He suggested that if U.S. economic data indicates easing inflation and the Federal Reserve cuts rates in December, Bitcoin could rally. Yaroslav Patsira, Fractional Director at CEX.IO, echoed this sentiment, noting that the outlook for DATs is tied closely to Bitcoin’s potential upside. Taking a longer-term view, Decrypt noted that despite the recent pullback, crypto-related equities have shown strong year-to-date (YTD) performance relative to the underlying asset. Galaxy Digital is up 73.4% and SharpLink 43.2% YTD, compared to Bitcoin’s 8.6% gain, suggesting the current correction is taking place within a broader uptrend. Japanese stablecoin push faces U.S. resistanceBeyond the equity markets, Japanese crypto initiatives are also encountering regulatory friction in the U.S. Decrypt reported that a coalition of small U.S. banks has formally objected to a bid by Connectia Trust, a proposed subsidiary of Sony Bank, to issue dollar-backed stablecoins in the U.S. Sony Group’s banking arm last month applied to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for a national trust charter to facilitate these issuances. The Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA) argues that the Japanese institution is attempting to exploit regulatory gaps to avoid the oversight applied to traditional banks, noting that Connectia’s stablecoin bears similarities to bank deposits. However, Kadan Stadelmann, CTO of Komodo Platform, offered a different view, telling Decrypt the concerns are “overstated and driven by big-bank interests.” As Connectia’s application undergoes U.S. regulatory review, it has once again exposed the underlying divide between established banking interests and crypto-native approaches to financial services, particularly around how stablecoin issuers should be overseen.

Singapore’s DBS Bank, the largest bank in Southeast Asia with assets totaling $739 billion, has launched a pilot project that utilizes blockchain technology for the purpose of distributing government grants. According to a report from Fintech News Singapore, the bank has partnered with Enterprise Singapore (EnterpriseSG) and the Singapore Fintech Association (SFA) to establish the pilot program. The objective is to realize greater efficiency, governance and user experience where programmable grant disbursements are concerned, as a direct consequence of bringing blockchain technology into the equation. Purpose-bound money The pilot program relies on the use of a protocol known as purpose-bound money (PBM). A whitepaper relative to PBM was first published in 2023 by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). In developing the protocol, MAS had collaborated with DBS, alongside Amazon, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank of Korea, Banca d’Italia and JPMorgan-owned blockchain platform Onyx. PBM enables the sender of funds to specify certain conditions relative to funds released. This may include such items as validity periods or a set of controls on how funds can be spent by the recipient. Such conditions can be programmed in through the use of smart contracts. Baking specific parameters in from the outset in turn empowers the distributor to automate disbursements to beneficiaries. With disbursements automated, the process realizes efficiency gains. Manual oversight can be cut out of the process entirely.  DBS noted a previous program established during the Singapore Fintech Festival in 2023. It involved 27 local fintech firms. Prominent among them were Advance Intelligence, Experian Singapore, Intersystems, Dobin and Aspire. DBS Bank effected such payments over its permissioned blockchain, ensuring that specified recipients received the grants only when specific parameters had been met. SFA President Shadab Taiyabi commented on the pilot project, stating:“The solution is designed to streamline business grant disbursements that enables local companies to receive payouts more quickly and efficiently, providing them with additional capital to expand their key business areas.” Taiyabi added that the SFA will continue to support collaborations between the public and private sectors relative to programmable grant disbursements as Singapore works towards its Smart Nation objectives.Photo by Mike Enerio on UnsplashEfficiency gains Han Kwee Juan, DBS Bank’s country head, emphasized the efficiency gains, stating: “Smart contract technology automates and streamlines grant disbursements for government agencies to enable faster, more secure disbursements and payments.” While DBS has progressed this project as a consequence of its collaboration with MAS on PBM, the bank has also been working with the Singaporean regulator on Project Orchid, a project which aims to progress technology and competencies relative to the development of a digital Singaporean dollar. Similarly, it has participated in Project Guardian, an asset tokenization initiative between policymakers and the financial industry. Earlier this month, DBS entered into a collaboration with Ant International, the international division of the Ant Group which in turn is an affiliate of Chinese e-commerce behemoth, Alibaba, with the aim of providing treasury tokens to improve treasury and liquidity management. 

The blockchain network underpinning Bitcoin, the world’s largest cryptocurrency, requires an energy volume comparable to the annual consumption of Thailand. According to Digiconomist’s Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index, the protocol utilized roughly 204.44 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity between Nov. 18, 2024, and Nov. 18, 2025.Photo by Fré Sonneveld on UnsplashFiscal losses drive Malaysian oversightAmid these intense energy demands, Malaysia’s primary electricity utility has recorded substantial financial impairments attributed to illicit activities. Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB) reported losses totaling 4.57 billion ringgit ($1.1 billion) from illegal crypto-mining operations over a five-year span. In a Nov. 19 report by The Edge Malaysia, the Ministry of Energy Transition and Water Transformation (Petra) disclosed these figures to parliament, specifying that the unauthorized mining occurred at 13,827 locations between 2020 and August of this year. To counter these infractions through regulatory channels, Petra has formed a special committee scheduled to convene before year-end. This body aims to recommend enhancements to the Electricity Supply Act, which currently delineates penalties based on the offender's classification. Domestic violators face fines ranging from 1,000 to 50,000 ringgit ($240 to $12,000), imprisonment of up to one year, or both. Penalties escalate for non-domestic entities, involving fines between 20,000 and one million ringgit ($480 to $240,000) and potential prison terms of up to five years. Despite these provisions regarding electricity theft, a specific legal code regulating the act of crypto mining remains absent, creating a jurisdictional void. International bans and grid reallocationStrategies to curtail electricity usage by crypto miners are becoming evident elsewhere in Southeast Asia as well. Laotian Deputy Energy Minister Chanthaboun Soukaloun told Reuters last month that the nation intends to suspend electricity supplies to crypto miners by early 2026. He cited the sector's minimal economic contribution and low job creation as primary factors. Consequently, the state plans to redirect power to high-priority sectors, including AI data centers, metals processing, and electric-vehicle manufacturing. Parallel restrictions are emerging globally. In October, the government of British Columbia enacted a permanent prohibition on new BC Hydro connections for crypto miners to safeguard the Canadian province’s energy reserves. Officials pointed to the industry’s "disproportionate energy consumption and limited economic benefit" as the rationale for the policy. The debate over thermal innovationConversely, some enterprises are exploring methods to capture thermal output from Bitcoin mining to heat residential and commercial properties. If viable, such repurposing could utilize the considerable thermal byproducts of mining. A K33 Research study cited by CNBC indicates the industry generates roughly 100 TWh of heat annually, a figure sufficient to warm the entirety of Finland. However, industry consensus on the feasibility of these applications remains elusive. Proponents suggest that mining infrastructure could be situated in proximity to heat consumers. Skeptics, however, contend that the reliance on application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips makes this impractical, arguing that the technical difficulty of mining a block renders household participation unfeasible. Despite these differing views, the concept continues to attract attention as a potential avenue for innovation in energy distribution. As jurisdictions like Malaysia and British Columbia tighten regulatory oversight, the cryptocurrency sector faces mounting pressure to address its energy footprint. The divergence between government restrictions and industry-led efficiency proposals underscores the complex relationship between digital asset infrastructure and global energy resources. Given the shifting landscape of policy and technology, the outlook for sustainable large-scale crypto mining remains uncertain, as governments weigh energy demands against economic benefits and the industry searches for more efficient ways to operate.