Japan eyes crypto tax reform as macro headwinds pressure digital asset markets

MAS Offers Guidelines for Banks Handling Crypto-Related ClientsThe Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has released a comprehensive set of guidelines to assist banks in managing clients who are involved in digital assets, such as cryptocurrency exchanges or individuals whose wealth is derived from cryptocurrencies.Photo by Meriç Dağlı on UnsplashIndustry working groupAccording to a report in local media source, The Straits Times, these non-mandatory guidelines, developed by an industry working group, aim to provide best practices for financial institutions to address concerns related to money laundering, terrorism financing, and sanctions risks associated with cryptocurrencies.The working group suggests that enhanced due diligence may be necessary for firms closely connected to facilitating crypto transactions. For instance, conducting site visits or walk-throughs of a client’s anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing processes and controls could be required.During the onboarding process, banks should request information documenting the customer’s crypto exposure and the intended usage of the account. Additionally, banks are advised to establish the source of the client’s funds or wealth.To evaluate the regulatory status of a merchant customer’s crypto-related counterparties, especially if they contribute significantly to the merchant’s transactions, banks should conduct thorough assessments.The working group also highlights the use of blockchain screening tools to review the on-chain activity of digital token payment service providers. Regular screening of new and existing wallet addresses owned or controlled by these providers against the sanctions list and designated wallets is also recommended.Comprehensive guidelinesLoretta Yuen, Head of Legal and Compliance at Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp (OCBC), a Singapore-headquartered bank, describes the guidelines as one of the most comprehensive in the world, providing insights into banks’ management of crypto-related money laundering, terrorism financing, and sanctions risks.She believes the guidelines will raise awareness among prospective customers regarding the key risk considerations banks prioritize and enable customers to proactively fulfill banks’ customer due diligence requirements during the onboarding process.Evy Theunis, DBS Bank’s Head of Digital Assets, views the guidelines as a codification of best practices across the industry, aligning with the bank’s existing protocols. United Overseas Bank (UOB) also acknowledges the benefits of the best practice paper, particularly given the diverse range of digital assets with varying levels of risk.Eight participating banksThe working group responsible for developing these guidelines includes representatives from eight banks, MAS, the Commercial Affairs Department, and Big Four audit firm Ernst & Young. Formed in August 2022 under the anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism industry partnership (ACIP), the group aims to identify, assess, and mitigate money laundering and terrorism financing risks in Singapore through a collaborative private-public partnership involving the financial sector, regulators, law enforcement agencies, and other government entities.Singapore is vying to establish itself as a hub for digital asset business in Asia, alongside other centers such as Hong Kong. The Chinese autonomous territory has been making greater progress over the course of the past year.However, a report in The Wall Street Journal on Monday suggests that banking remains a difficulty for crypto businesses in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s difficulty may be Singapore’s opportunity, given the work that this working group has carried out in smoothing the way for the banking of digital asset-related businesses.

The CEO of Japanese hotel operator turned Bitcoin treasury company, Metaplanet, has suggested that the firm may consider acquiring a digital bank in the future. Simon Gerovich, the firm’s CEO and a former Goldman Sachs banker, told the Financial Times that part of the second stage of its overall strategy may involve “acquiring a digital bank in Japan and providing digital banking services that are superior to the services which retail now is getting.”Photo by Kanchanara on UnsplashBitcoin gold rushGerovich explained that phase one of Metaplanet’s plan involves participating in what he considers to be “a bitcoin gold rush.” He added: “We need to accumulate as much bitcoin as we can . . . to get to a point where we’ve reached escape velocity and it just makes it very difficult for others to catch up.” Other firms are jumping on the bandwagon, as within a very short timeframe, 140 companies around the world have adopted a Bitcoin treasury strategy. Metaplanet currently weighs in as the fifth-largest corporate holder of Bitcoin globally. Right now, the company holds 15,555 BTC. Its target is a holding of 210,000 BTC, which equates to around 1% of the total Bitcoin supply. Based on current pricing, such a holding would be worth in the region of $23 billion. Acquiring cash-generating businessesOnce the company has accomplished its Bitcoin accumulation goals, it plans to move on to phase two, acquiring cash-generating businesses while leveraging its Bitcoin holdings in order to do so. Using Bitcoin as collateral, Gerovich said that Metaplanet will “get cash that we can use to buy profitable businesses.”  While inroads are being made with regard to the acceptance of Bitcoin as a corporate reserve asset, it is earlier days still for its acceptance as collateral. Last month, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) in the United States, ordered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, key government-sponsored players in the American mortgage market, to explore the treatment of Bitcoin as eligible collateral for mortgages. Standard Chartered and crypto exchange OKX launched a pilot program earlier this year geared towards the use of crypto for collateral purposes. Gerovich talks in terms of Metaplanet’s phase two plan playing out at a time “when bitcoin, like securities or government bonds, can be deposited with banks and then they’ll provide very attractive financing against that asset.” The Metaplanet CEO stated that he expects the Bitcoin accumulation phase of the plan to play out over a period of between four and six years. The Tokyo-listed firm started accumulating Bitcoin in 2024. Some market participants are backing Metaplanet’s strategy with their own money. Global investment management firm Capital Group recently became Metaplanet’s second-largest investor. Bitcoin treasury criticsHowever, the emergence of Bitcoin treasury firms has also drawn quite a few detractors. Some critics point out that many of these companies have a negative operating income. Market analyst Caleb Franzen asserted that even after buying Bitcoin, they’re still junk companies. Others point out that too many firms have jumped on the Bitcoin treasury bandwagon, making the prospect no longer attractive. Fakhul Miah, managing director of GoMining Institutional, is also concerned about copycats. He told Cointelegraph that ”if these smaller firms crash, we could see a ripple effect that hurts Bitcoin’s image.”

Korean Financial Regulator Reveals Crypto Accounting Guidelines to Prevent Inflated Company ValuationsThe Korean Financial Services Commission (FSC) has announced new regulations to address accounting uncertainties in the blockchain industry, according to local news outlet KBS News. The rapid growth of the industry and the increasing impact of cryptocurrency transactions on corporate accounting have resulted in confusion due to the lack of clear guidelines.Last month, the National Assembly’s plenary session passed the Virtual Asset User Protection Bill, emphasizing the need for improved regulation. In line with this development, the FSC has introduced practical guidelines and measures to resolve accounting uncertainties.The FSC has introduced two measures to achieve this goal: virtual asset accounting guidelines and mandatory disclosure of virtual assets in annotations within financial statements.Photo by Beatriz Pérez Moya on UnsplashAccounting guidelinesThe virtual asset accounting guidelines state that when an issuer sells virtual assets to a customer, they must fulfill all obligations, such as the sales process, in order to recognize it as revenue. Any costs incurred during the issuance of a virtual asset and the creation of its platform should be recognized as expenses, unless there is clear evidence that these activities specifically contribute to the development of the virtual asset. Additionally, any reserved virtual assets after issuance cannot be treated as assets on the company’s balance sheet. These guidelines aim to prevent companies from artificially inflating the value of their companies using virtual assets.When recognizing virtual assets as assets or liabilities, virtual asset service providers (VASPs) must consider the concept of economic control. Economic control refers to the entity’s authority to dispose of a virtual asset without needing customer authorization.Virtual assets in annotationsFurthermore, companies are obligated to disclose their virtual asset transactions and holdings in annotations to the financial statement. This requirement ensures that users of corporate accounting information have sufficient details. Public companies holding virtual assets for investment purposes must state the basis for classifying the assets as assets or liabilities. They must also provide the book and market values of their virtual assets in their financial statements.Companies that have created or issued virtual assets are required to provide comprehensive information about the quantity and characteristics of these assets. They must also explain their revenue recognition methodology in the event of asset sales. Companies must provide disclosure regarding the historical utilization of cryptocurrencies that have been issued but remain unsold. This disclosure includes various factors such as portfolios and volumes.VASPs must disclose the volume and market value of virtual assets entrusted to them by customers for each asset, regardless of whether these assets are recognized as assets or liabilities. VASPs also have to provide information about the level of protection measures they have implemented to mitigate risks such as hacking.The FSC expects that these measures will enable readers of financial statements to make meaningful comparisons between VASPs while ensuring the provision of reliable information.The accounting guidelines, after incorporating industry feedback, are expected to undergo deliberations and resolutions by both the accounting standards review committee and the Korean Securities and Futures Commission, as per local news outlet Kyunghyang Shinmun. Once the guidelines receive final approval, they will be promulgated and implemented immediately. This process is anticipated to take place between October and November.Meanwhile, the inclusion of virtual asset disclosures in the annotations of financial statements will be enforced next January.