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Strengthened KYC Spurs More Suspicious Transaction Reports from Korean Crypto ExchangesIn South Korea this year, there has been a significant surge in the number of suspicious transaction reports (STRs) related to cryptocurrencies, according to local news agency Yonhap.This increase is primarily attributed to cryptocurrency exchanges fortifying their Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures. This proactive response follows the controversy surrounding lawmaker Kim Nam-kuk’s significant virtual asset holdings, which were unveiled in May. His scandal came to light when a substantial amount of WEMIX tokens, valued in billions of Korean won, were transferred from the Bithumb exchange to the Upbit exchange. Upbit, deeming it a suspicious transaction, promptly reported the matter to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) of the Financial Services Commission (FSC).Photo by ron dyar on UnsplashGrowing number of suspicious transaction reportsAs the scandal continued to gain traction, the political realm reached a consensus to conduct investigations into the cryptocurrency holdings of all lawmakers. Additionally, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea initiated the tracking of all lawmakers’ cryptocurrency holdings last month, a process set to span 90 days.Data received by lawmaker Yoon Young-deok on October 30 from the FIU reveals that the number of STRs originating from virtual asset service providers (VASPs) has reached 11,646 in the first nine months of this year. This figure has already exceeded last year’s total of 10,797 STRs.Under the current Act on Reporting and Using Specified Financial Transaction Information, commonly referred to as the Financial Transaction Reporting Act, VASPs are mandated to report to the FIU if they have reasonable grounds to suspect that a customer’s financial transactions are connected to illicit property, money laundering, or terrorist financing. The Act has been in full effect since October 2021.In 2021, a total of 199 reports were submitted under this Act. The number of reports surged to over 10,000 the following year, and in the current year, it continues to grow at an even faster rate. The FIU reviews and analyzes these STRs in accordance with Article 10 of the Financial Transaction Reporting Act. It forwards the relevant information to law enforcement agencies only when it is deemed necessary for the investigation of a specific criminal case.Enhanced but varied approaches by exchangesCrypto exchanges have bolstered their customer verification requirements, especially for customers deemed to have a high risk of involvement in money laundering, in accordance with the Financial Transaction Reporting Act. This entails the need for additional scrutiny of the source of funds and the purpose behind transactions. Notably, if customer verification appears suspicious, exchanges are mandated to confirm the authenticity of the information using reliable documents.However, it’s important to note that the enforcement decree accompanying this Act grants exchanges the flexibility to verify documents based on their own business guidelines. This autonomy has been provided to assist exchanges in effectively mitigating money laundering risks by taking into account their individual business rights and characteristics.For instance, Upbit, South Korea’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, has implemented a fraud detection system (FDS) powered by artificial intelligence to continuously monitor and identify fraudulent transactions. This initiative has earned Upbit recognition from the FIU as an outstanding organization for reporting suspicious transactions during the first half of this year.On the contrary, Bithumb has devised and applies internal guidelines dedicated to anti-money laundering (AML) measures. The exchange has instituted a streamlined customer verification process for customers who are assessed as having a low likelihood of being engaged in money laundering activities. However, this simplified process is not extended to individuals from countries that have not adopted the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).Korbit monitors information related to customer verification through a dedicated department. It declines transactions for customers who have not undergone sufficient verification and validation procedures.Coinone’s AML department examines customer transactions comprehensively. It maintains ongoing reviews of customer information, business operations, risk assessments, and the source of funds. If any of these aspects are found to be suspicious or inadequate, the AML department proceeds with additional customer verification, including the disclosure of the source of funds.Some raise concerns about the inconsistency in customer verification standards for AML and STRs across different exchanges. When one exchange flags a transaction as suspicious, another might see it as routine. Such discrepancies highlight the need for uniform guidelines. Addressing this, the Digital Asset eXchange Association (DAXA), consisting of Korea’s five leading currency exchanges — Upbit, Bithumb, Coinone, Korbit, and Gopax — has set up an AML division to devise standardized rules for STRs.

A subsidiary company of Tiger Brokers, a Singapore-based online brokerage firm with nine million users, has been awarded a virtual asset trading license in Hong Kong. The subsidiary, YAX (Hong Kong) Limited, has been added to a list of licensed virtual asset trading providers (VATPs) on the website of the local regulator, the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC). Photo by Simon Zhu on UnsplashSeven platforms licensedBack in August, YAX found itself among a list of 11 VATP applicants that had been provided with feedback with regard to issues that needed to be addressed following inspections carried out by the SFC. Evidently, those issues have been resolved given that the company has now been awarded a trading license. YAX is now just one of nine trading platforms that have obtained licenses in the Chinese autonomous territory. These include OSL and HashKey, who were the first entities to be licensed in Hong Kong. HKVAX followed with approval granted in August 2023. Last October, SFC CEO Julia Leung told local news media that the regulator was dealing with 11 applications and that four approvals were imminent. In December, four additional exchanges, namely HKbitEX, Accumulus, DFX Labs and EX.IO, were awarded licenses. Bixin.com, WhaleFin and Matrixport HK are among the eleven applicants that have yet to receive a license. Alongside YAX, Panthertrade (Hong Kong) Limited was issued a license on Jan. 27, meaning that seven platforms have now been licensed. Panthertrade is a subsidiary company of Chinese mobile internet firm Cheetah Mobile.  Crypto trading and custodyOnce launched, YAX intends to extend crypto trading services alongside crypto custody to its clients. The company’s CEO, Kelvin Liu Kai, has said that as it rolls out its service offering, YAX will look to enhance speed trading, focus on transparency and security relative to the trading process and reduce custodial risks.  Tiger Brokers CEO Wu Tianhua has suggested that the virtual asset sector has grown rapidly on a global basis and with that, he sees “immense potential” for further growth. He added:“Cryptocurrencies are a key future investment trend. The establishment of YAX not only demonstrates our confidence in the potential of the market, but also showcases our firm commitment to creating a transparent and secure trading environment.” Swift licensing processThese latest licensing applicant approvals follow confirmation earlier this month that the SFC had extended access to its swift licensing process to all new VATP applicants. The four applicants approved in December had been the first to be put through the process.  In December, Joseph Chan, Acting Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury (FSTB), confirmed to Hong Kong’s Legislative Council that in addition to the swift licensing process, a consultative panel for licensed trading platforms will be established in early 2025. It emerged in October 2023 that both YAX and Panthertrade were planning on submitting applications for VATP licensing in Hong Kong. With licensing pending, YAX parent company Tiger Brokers partnered with HashKey Exchange in May 2024, in order to launch a virtual asset trading service.  The service was made available to retail investors through the Tiger Trade platform the following month, enabling the platform’s 800,000 users to trade Bitcoin and Ethereum.

The CEO of Hong Kong’s central banking institution, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), has outlined that the introduction of the Chinese autonomous territory’s Stablecoins Ordinance on Aug. 1 will criminalize the unlicensed promotion of stablecoins. In an article published on the HKMA website on July 23, CEO Eddie Yue stated:”According to the Ordinance, starting from the commencement date, it will be illegal for any person to offer any unlicensed fiat-referenced stablecoin (FRS) to a retail investor, or actively market the issue of unlicensed FRS to the public of Hong Kong.”Photo by Manson Yim on UnsplashSubject to fine & imprisonmentIf an individual is found to have promoted an unlicensed stablecoin, they will be subject to a fine of HK$50,000 ($6,400) and imprisonment of up to six months. Yue warned the public to remain vigilant and to exercise caution if they come across marketing material related to an unlicensed stablecoin offering. The HKMA CEO is conscious of the fact that stablecoins are an emerging payment instrument that is being gradually integrated into the mainstream financial system. However, he feels that some discussion on stablecoins has been overly idealistic. Yue outlined that interactions with the few dozen institutions that have reached out to the HKMA with regard to stablecoin licensing have led him to believe that “many proposals remain conceptual.” He claimed that many of the institutions putting forward these proposals “fail to put together viable and concrete plans as well as implementation roadmaps, let alone demonstrate their awareness of risks and competence in managing them.” Limited license issuanceYue believes that in many instances, these institutions would be better served to collaborate with stablecoin issuers rather than becoming stablecoin issuers themselves. It’s on that basis that the HKMA will only grant a handful of stablecoin issuer licenses. Bloomberg reported that in the region of 50 companies have been seeking to apply for stablecoin licensing in the city, with the HKMA likely to approve around 10 licenses. It referenced particular interest from Chinese brokerages and a related move recently by asset management firm ChinaAMC in launching a yuan-denominated tokenized money market fund that facilitates subscriptions via stablecoins.  Significant Chinese businesses such as JD.com and Ant Group have been preparing to acquire stablecoin licensing in Hong Kong. Chinese stablecoin urgencyIn its Asia Morning Briefing, CoinDesk pointed out that in 2021, the Chinese authorities had been critical of the development of global stablecoins, preferring instead to concentrate on their own central bank digital currency (CBDC), the digital yuan. However, it asserts that “Beijing’s caution on stablecoins is giving way to a sense of urgency.” Animoca Group President Evan Ayuang told the publication that China’s interest in stablecoins is on the rise. Ayuang asserted that actions taken by the Trump administration in the U.S. related to stablecoin policy are “pressuring China to act a lot faster.” Developments in Hong Kong are relevant in the context of China’s newfound interest in stablecoins. Lily King, chief operating officer (COO) at crypto custodian Cobo, stated recently that Hong Kong continues to be a testing ground for mainland China.  In keeping with that outlook, analysts at Morgan Stanley recently asserted that yuan-denominated stablecoin projects launched in Hong Kong would potentially serve as a developmental stablecoin sandbox for mainland China.