Polymesh’s APAC Digital Asset Regulation Report Highlights Challenges

Bank of Japan Publishes Results of CBDC PoCThe Bank of Japan (BoJ) recently concluded the second phase of its central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof of concept (PoC) project, which began in April. The results of this phase were published on Monday, and they shed light on key aspects such as the comparison between account-based and token-based CBDCs and the management of holding limits for users with multiple accounts.Photo by Manuel Cosentino on UnsplashToken-based CBDCsThe experiments conducted by the central bank covered a wide range of topics. Among the most intriguing findings were the advantages and disadvantages of token-based CBDCs and how to effectively impose holding limits for users with multiple CBDC balances.Token-based CBDCs have garnered interest from various central banks, with some adopting the UTXO token model used by Bitcoin without the use of a distributed ledger. A UTXO or unspent transaction output, defines where a blockchain transaction starts and finishes. The Bank of Japan explored this model and analyzed its pros and cons.In the initial proof of concept, both account-based and token-based CBDCs were examined, considering scenarios where the central bank managed the ledger or shared it with intermediaries like banks. In the token-based model, fixed token denominations were used, similar to physical cash in countries like India, and a centralized ledger was employed. However, in the recent phase, the central bank utilized flexible value tokens similar to UTXO and shared ledger functions with intermediaries.The Bank of Japan favored the flexible value token model due to its ability to handle multiple requests simultaneously. However, it acknowledged that this model may require more technical resources compared to the account-based approach. Challenges may arise when implementing additional functions, such as holding limits, while maintaining optimal performance. The European Central Bank (ECB) also noted in a recent report that most payment providers are accustomed to account-based payments and would incur costs to adapt to token-based systems.Another significant aspect explored by the BoJ was how to impose holding limits when users have multiple CBDC balances through different intermediaries. The challenge lies in determining if the overall holding limit has been breached without compromising user privacy.Homomorphic encryptionOne possible solution discussed in the report is the use of homomorphic encryption, which enables computations to be performed on encrypted data without it first needing to be decrypted. That allows for the necessary checks without intermediaries accessing the specific data being checked. Although this solution may slightly increase processing time, it could introduce a higher risk of data inconsistencies.Alternatively, a simpler approach proposed by the central bank is to establish a per-account holding limit and a limit on the number of accounts a single user can hold, rather than imposing global limits. Ideally, users with multiple accounts would have a higher per-account holding limit compared to those with fewer accounts.Phase 3 underwayWith the next pilot phase already underway, the BoJ aims to test the end-to-end process flow and identify challenges related to integrating with external systems. Additionally, they are creating a CBDC Forum to gather input from the private sector, ensuring a collaborative approach to CBDC development.While investigation and research into CBDCs continues, the BoJ has said that it will make a final decision on CBDC implementation by 2026.

Bitcoin Miners Likely Selling at $28K Level, Says MatrixportAccording to a report by Singapore-headquartered digital asset financial services provider Matrixport, Bitcoin (BTC) is facing selling pressure at the $28,000 price level, possibly due to miners offloading their newly mined coins.The report, cited by CoinDesk on Friday, suggests that miners are being compelled to liquidate their inventory as profit margins have contracted in recent weeks.Photo by Pixabay on PexelsHashrate all-time highMining has become an intensely competitive and often unprofitable endeavor due to the ongoing rise in Bitcoin miner difficulty. The hashrate, or measure of how easily miners can discover a new block of Bitcoin reached an all-time high earlier this week. Markus Thielen, Head of Research at Matrixport, noted that given the current input cost and potential revenue expectations, most machines produced before 2022 appear to be unprofitable.“At the current input cost and potential output revenue expectations, most of the machines produced before 2022 appear to be unprofitable,” Thielen wrote.Forced sellingConsequently, miners are forced to sell their inventory at the current level rather than holding out for higher prices, which Matrixport anticipates. The report highlights the significant upside potential for miners if Bitcoin prices were to increase by 10% or more, as profitability could quadruple.The narrowing profit margins for miners reflect the challenges they face in a highly competitive market. As mining difficulty continues to rise, miners must allocate more resources and computing power to mine new coins, reducing their profitability. The situation is particularly tough for miners operating older machines, which are less efficient and more costly to run.The selling pressure exerted by miners can have a short-term impact on Bitcoin’s price. However, Matrixport’s analysis suggests that if Bitcoin experiences a notable price increase, miners could see a substantial improvement in their profitability. This potential upside convexity creates an incentive for miners to continue their operations and withstand the current market conditions.Ordinals bring increased feesOn the other hand one recent development that is assisting miners is the increase in transaction fees, with the development of Bitcoin Ordinals and BRC-20 tokens over the course of the past six months. That interest seems to be ongoing, and if anything we’re likely to see further development of tokens running on top of the Bitcoin blockchain. On Thursday, Seychelles-based crypto trading platform OKX proposed a new BRC-30 token standard which would enable staking of those tokens, alongside staking of bitcoin.Singapore-based Matrixport is a portfolio company of crypto investment venture capital firm Foresight Ventures, which is also headquartered in Singapore. The firm provides a suite of products that it is positioning to be innovative and easy to use, offering an all-in-one crypto financial services platform, enabling users to earn, invest, loan, and trade digital assets.The Matrixport report indicates that miners are likely selling their Bitcoin at the $28,000 level due to squeezed profit margins. While this selling pressure may affect short-term price dynamics, the potential for increased profitability if Bitcoin prices rise significantly provides miners with an optimistic outlook for the future.

Parameta and Solbric Korea to Create First Solar Power Plant Security Token Platform in KoreaSouth Korean blockchain company Parameta (formerly known as Iconloop) said Tuesday it entered a business deal with Solbric Korea, a subsidiary of solar energy innovation company Next Solar Energy, to jointly establish the country’s first solar power plant security token platform that allows investors to make fractional investments in solar energy.Photo by Nuno Marques on UnsplashReceiving approval as an innovative financial serviceIn order to establish such a platform that designates solar power plants as underlying assets, they will jointly apply for a financial regulatory sandbox — a program introduced by the Korean government that offers a special and provisional regulatory exemption for financial services that have been recognized for their innovativeness.Once the platform is recognized under the sandbox as an innovative financial service, the two companies will work together on the issuance and distribution of security tokens.Expanding opportunities to invest in solar energyUltimately, Solbric aims to build a platform that brings security token technology to the solar power sector, which, until now, has presented limited investment opportunities for individual investors in Korea. It will allow them to trade securities and make small-scale, fractional investments in solar power plants.To do so, Solbric intends to leverage the knowledge and expertise of its parent company, Next Solar Energy — an experienced veteran in the solar plant industry.As its partner, Parameta will provide the necessary blockchain technology for constructing and managing the platform based on its security token offering service, Parameta S. This service uses tokens to allow fractional management of real-world assets (RWAs), making it easy to invest in and organize them. This offers more liquidity and flexibility compared to traditional investment methods.“We will focus on providing investment returns to platform users as well as the unique experience of owning various solar power plants,” said Kang Jae-won, the CEO of Solbric Korea.Increased institutional supportThis project is made possible by the recent upturn in institutional support from Korean financial authorities that allows more security token offerings. Last month, the Korean Financial Services Commission ultimately granted regulatory exemptions to several fractional investment firms that have successfully completed the business reorganization as requested by the regulator. The Financial Supervisory Service has also decided to allow fractional investment businesses to apply for investment contract securities.Taking advantage of this momentum, Solbric and Parameta plan to continually explore diverse business opportunities to establish their platform.“We are currently working with various specialized companies, including Solbric, to expand our security token businesses in various fields such as solar power plants, mobility, real estate non-performing loans, carbon emission rights, and electric vehicle batteries,” said Kim Jong-hyup, CEO of Parameta.