Bank of Korea Anticipated to Conduct Retail CBDC Pilot Test

Compliance and Cooperation — A Necessary Formula for Combatting Crypto CrimesFrom common scams like voice phishing to threats of violence, the involvement of cryptocurrencies in crimes against the general public is steadily on the rise both in South Korea and abroad.Photo by Bermix Studio on UnsplashAccording to blockchain data analysis firm Chainalysis, the scale of cryptocurrency-related crimes and hacking on a global scale has decreased by 45.2% and 23.5%, respectively, compared to last year. However, financial losses resulting from smaller ransomware attacks, including phishing scams, are showing an upward trend.Authorities and industry figures alike are increasingly emphasizing the need for close cooperation to combat this growing issue, as existing regulations and legal frameworks remain insufficient to do so.Chainalysis and crypto exchange Binance co-hosted a policy summit in Seoul on Tuesday called “Securing the Future of Crypto,” where experts gathered at the Courtyard Marriott hotel to discuss compliance and cooperation between the public and private sectors in fighting crypto crimes.Challenges and complexities in crypto investigations“The Korean National Police Agency receives dozens of reports of financial losses and urgent requests for account freezes every day, with 80% of them pertaining to Binance,” said Kim Min-jae, an investigator at the National Police Agency’s International Cyber Cooperation Division.Citing a recent case of a voice phishing scam targeting a woman in her 60s, Kim said that authorities were able to proceed with the investigation within 30 minutes after receiving information from the exchange. However, addressing crimes beyond large cryptocurrency exchanges like Binance, such as those involving decentralized finance (DeFi) systems or foreign exchanges, poses a more difficult challenge due to the lack of proper measures to deal with them.Lee Soo-pyeong, a cybercrime investigator at the Korean National Police Agency’s Cyber Investigation Division, also noted that although domestic cases are relatively easier to investigate, there have been many cases — such as the appalling Nth Room case that caused an uproar throughout Korea in 2020 — that involved overseas accounts and exchanges.Steps for effective crime controlWhat measures, then, should authorities and corporations take in order to deal with such issues? Lee stressed the importance of cooperation among international judicial bodies and adherence from businesses to enhance the response to increasingly sophisticated crypto crimes.Know Your Customer (KYC) standards — the guidelines used in investment and financial services to verify customers’ identities and assess their risk and financial profiles — play an important role in this regard. However, “There are no platforms yet, including major exchanges like Binance, that provide us with personal information through KYC measures when funds are laundered,” Kim explained. He expressed hopes for a system jointly established by relevant entities, including local exchanges, that will enable swift criminal investigation.Lee also highlighted the importance of compliance from foreign companies, stating, “While it’s possible to request mutual legal assistance in criminal matters from the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol), active cooperation from foreign companies is essential.”From an international point of view, Jarek Jakubcek, Head of Intelligence and Investigations APAC at Binance, pointed out that upholding international standards and standardized processes is important, given the fact that crypto crimes transcend borders. While some countries excel in compliance and enforcing anti-money laundering (AML) policies, others fall short, leading criminals to exploit these disparities.Recently, there have been criminals who move their funds through blockchain networks. The development of bridge technology, which facilitates cross-chain asset transfers, has led to laundering techniques becoming more and more sophisticated. However, he assured that tracing funds is still possible, although doing so has become harder than before.The amalgamation of these circumstances has thereby ushered in the era of Know Your Transaction (KYT). While exchanges have traditionally been obligated to perform Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures to prevent money laundering, they must now go beyond verifying user information and analyze customer transaction data in order to understand where money is coming from and how it flows, Jakubcek said. To achieve this, he argued, they must request information from users and work with on-chain data analysis solution companies like Chainalysis to secure real transaction data. Alec Zebrick, Manager of Investigations in the Asia-Pacific region at Chainalysis, added that leveraging on-chain data allows the verification of most transactions.In the rapidly evolving crypto landscape where crimes are still a force to deal with, experts agree that reinforcing compliance and cooperation between exchanges and authorities is imperative.

The Thai Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has issued a directive mandating Zipmex, a Singapore-based digital asset trading and brokerage platform, to temporarily suspend its operations. This decision is driven by the SEC's call for significant changes in Zipmex's management structure and an improvement in its financial position. The regulator outlined that the cryptocurrency exchange can resume normal operations if it addresses these concerns.Photo by Dan Freeman on Unsplash15 days to rectify issuesIn an official announcement last Friday, the SEC conveyed that Zipmex has a specified period of 15 days to rectify its financial position and operational deficiencies, aligning with the prior orders from the financial regulator. The SEC emphasizes that once the crypto exchange fulfills the regulator's requirements, users should be able to resume fund withdrawals. The securities watchdog had initially issued an order to Zipmex on Jan. 12, instructing the exchange to adjust the maintenance of its net liquid capital and modify its business administration structure and personnel to enhance efficiency and protect customer interests. Anek Yooyuen, Deputy Secretary General of the SEC, explained the legal process involved, stating: "According to the process specified by law, if the digital asset business operator is unable to comply with the SEC’s orders within the specified period, the SEC may propose that the Minister of Finance consider revoking the order." Implementation of robust system to protect investorsIn addition to implementing the SEC's orders regarding its financial operation and operational deficiencies, the exchange is required to establish a robust system protecting investors' deposited assets against exploitation. Once these objectives have been achieved within the required timeframe, Zipmex is obligated to submit a report on these implementations for SEC approval, paving the way for the resumption of operations. The Thai regulator stated that “Zipmex will be able to resume normal business operations upon receiving permission from the SEC.” Longstanding regulatory scrutinyZipmex has been under the regulatory microscope since 2023, facing scrutiny following the company’s struggles off the back of the last crypto market downturn. The SEC's investigation includes a probe into an acquisition by V Ventures and whether Zipmex operated in Thailand without regulatory approval. V Ventures canceled its $100 million buyout of the company in 2023, which would have included the return of customer deposits. The Thoresen Thai Agencies subsidiary company deemed the entire deal terminated on the basis that Zipmex had not fulfilled its contractual obligations relative to the buyout. The platform suspended trading in November 2023, citing regulatory compliance as the reason. Despite the operational suspension, user withdrawals will remain accessible to facilitate an exit from the platform. The initial freeze of withdrawals in July 2022 due to Terra's ecosystem collapse, coupled with crypto lender bankruptcies, led Zipmex to seek court protection and legal assistance to raise capital for creditor payouts. The platform presented a reorganization plan last year, proposing creditor payouts of up to 30 cents on the dollar, subject to asset recovery. However, the initial offer was set at 3.35 cents, with the potential for a higher repayment figure based on the firm's eventual asset recovery. 

Liminal, a Singapore-based digital asset custodian, has gained regulatory approval in Abu Dhabi, as part of a series of recent steps the company has taken to expand across Asia and the Middle East. Extending digital asset custody to the Middle EastTaking to the X social media platform on May 13, the company outlined that its First Answer Middle East subsidiary received Financial Services Permission (FSP) from the Abu Dhabi Global Market's (ADGM) Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA) on May 9. The approval allows the firm to provide digital asset custody in the region. Liminal had initially been granted in-principle approval last year. In a series of posts, the company outlined that it sees Abu Dhabi’s regulatory framework in respect of digital assets as forward-thinking. It drew particular attention to the work of the FSRA in developing a robust framework to enable institutions to enter the digital assets space.Photo by Sohail Sarwar on UnsplashGame changerOn the actual license approval itself, the company stated, “The FSP license allows Liminal to hold, manage, and safeguard digital assets on behalf of institutions, hedge funds, venture capitalists and professional clients. This is a game-changer for digital asset custody practices in the region.” Further regional expansionOver the course of recent months, Liminal has scored a number of regulatory successes within the Asia Pacific (APAC) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions. Its success within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has not been confined to Abu Dhabi. In April, First Answer Custody FZE, a Dubai-based subsidiary company, secured initial approval from the emirate's regulator, the Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA).  Meanwhile, Liminal's Indian subsidiary, First Answer India Technologies, has been established and registered as a reporting entity. As a consequence, it has become the first digital asset custodian registered with India’s Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), an organization that falls under the umbrella of the Department of Revenue, and  which collects financial intelligence relative to money laundering.  Making further in-roads within the world’s most populous country in November, India’s Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) appointed the firm with a mandate to manage seized digital assets. Liminal has ties with India insofar as it was founded by Mahin Gupta in 2021, the co-founder of crypto exchange ZebPay. In an interview with CoinDesk, Manan Vora, senior vice president of strategy and business operations at Liminal stated:"We initiated a strategic drive two years ago to secure regulatory licenses in key markets across APAC and EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa), strategically positioning ourselves to cater to institutional clients.” Vora added: "Our strategic vision is to expand from our present technology presence in Europe and Taiwan to pushing for regulatory victories there. In Indonesia, we are already working as a technology provider for the nation's sovereign digital asset exchange." Within its home market of Singapore, Liminal was grandfathered into a new licensing system that the city-state introduced recently in respect of digital asset custody as a consequence of already having been a provider of such services in Singapore. The company has been given a grace period of six months. Within that timeframe, it intends to submit an application to local regulator, the Monetary Authority of Singapore.