JPMorgan Adopts Blockchain for 24/7 Interbank Transactions in India

Bank of Korea Explores Jeju, Busan, and Incheon for Citizen-Centric CBDC Pilot TestThe Bank of Korea (BOK) is reportedly reviewing three potential locations for a pilot test of a citizen-centric payment system utilizing the Korean Won central bank digital currency (CBDC). Instead of choosing Seoul, the nation’s capital city, the BOK is considering Jeju, Busan, and Incheon for the pilot. That’s according to local tech news outlet IT Chosun.The three cities have been selected as possible testbeds, and discussions with commercial banks are ongoing to move the project forward. Once a city is chosen, the BOK will collaborate with local retailers, including hypermarkets, to test the CBDC payment and distribution system.Photo by Ethan Brooke on UnsplashRegional currency modelThe CBDC test will be limited to a specific area, operating similarly to regional currencies issued by municipal governments to stimulate local economies. The CBDC wallet app will be available to all citizens, but its usage will be restricted to retailers in the designated area. Presently, Jeju, Busan, and Incheon already have their own regional currencies managed by local banks and financial institutions.However, implementing the CBDC system poses technical challenges. In remote tests last year, the BOK discovered that transaction speeds for small transfers were slower compared to traditional payment processing providers in regions outside the Seoul Metropolitan Area.Against this backdrop, the BOK seeks to recruit an unusually large number of tech experts in order to build a large-scale system for small payments. The bank has been actively hiring individuals for this purpose since the beginning of the year.CBDC test next yearWith the test scheduled for next year, the BOK aims to promptly select the test destination based on the system’s expected performance, estimated user numbers, and potential economic impact.While Busan is more or less shunned due to its large population, Jeju is emerging as a preferred choice. However, the final decision has been tentatively postponed due to internal issues within the BOK.Following the pilot test results, the BOK may gradually broaden the scope of the CBDC system. Meanwhile, in a similar development, China began its CBDC pilots in 2020 and has now expanded its CBDC use to 26 cities across 17 provinces.According to a BOK official, the Korean central bank is making seamless preparation for the test and engaging in discussions with commercial banks to explore their operating models and devise effective implementation strategies.

The Japanese government and ruling coalition have begun coordinating plans to introduce a flat 20% separate tax on cryptocurrency gains, based on a Dec. 1 report by Nikkei cited by CoinDesk Japan. The change is expected to be reflected in the 2026 tax reform outline.Photo by Nataliya Vaitkevich on PexelsLower crypto taxes, aligned with stocksUnder the proposal, income from crypto trading would be taxed in line with traditional financial instruments such as stocks. This would mark a notable decrease from the current regime, under which cryptocurrency gains are treated in principle as miscellaneous income, combined with salary and other earnings, and taxed on a comprehensive basis at rates that can climb to around 55% including local taxes. Policymakers are reportedly treating the move toward separate taxation as contingent on the establishment of a stronger investor-protection framework through tighter regulation. The planned reforms are also seen as potentially laying the groundwork for the eventual domestic approval of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) backed by crypto assets. Market pullback deepens on policy signalsThe more favorable tax outlook for investors came against a weaker market backdrop. According to CoinMarketCap, the total crypto market capitalization declined about 1.73% over the past 24 hours, extending a pullback that followed recent communications from the central banks of Japan and China. In a Dec. 1 report by Reuters, Bank of Japan (BOJ) Governor Kazuo Ueda indicated that the central bank intended to consider the possibility of an interest-rate increase at its next policy meeting. His comments are interpreted as suggesting a potential shift toward higher rates in December, prompting concern that yen-funded carry trades could begin to be unwound. Such trades typically involve borrowing yen at low interest rates to invest in higher-yielding assets, and their reversal can create pressure on broader asset markets. In a separate weekend statement, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) restated that digital asset trading remains illegal in China and highlighted what it described as a renewed pickup in speculative crypto activity. The central bank also singled out stablecoins as a source of risk, pointing to concerns about fraud, money laundering, and unauthorized cross-border capital flows that could undermine Beijing’s efforts to maintain capital controls. Against this policy backdrop, major cryptocurrencies moved in mixed directions. Over the past 24 hours, Bitcoin inched up around 1.02%, Ethereum declined about 0.86%, and XRP fell roughly 0.9%. Analysts split amid weak market activityAnalysts and market commentators continued to diverge on the implications of the latest pullback. Veteran trader Peter Brandt suggested on X that Bitcoin may be entering a deeper corrective phase similar to those seen in past bull markets. He cited historical instances of “exponential decay” and suggested the price could retrace toward $50,000 before potentially advancing to the $200,000–$250,000 range in the next rally cycle. Author Robert Kiyosaki, known for “Rich Dad Poor Dad,” reiterated his preference for assets such as gold, silver, Bitcoin, and Ethereum in a Nov. 29 post on X, linking this stance to his view that the Japanese carry trade had effectively run its course. Roughly a week before that message, he had disclosed selling about $2.25 million worth of Bitcoin at around $90,000 per coin, noting that his initial purchase price had been close to $6,000. By contrast, long-time Bitcoin critic Peter Schiff continued to argue in favor of precious metals. He contended that gold derives inherent value from industrial and commercial uses tied to its physical properties, including conductivity, ease of shaping, and resistance to corrosion, while maintaining that Bitcoin lacks practical utility and instead depends on investor belief. SwanDesk CEO Jacob King, another skeptic of the asset, offered an even more pessimistic assessment. He said he did not expect Bitcoin to revisit its previous all-time high and characterized the current decline as the final bear market before the asset ultimately fades from relevance. Shorter-term indicators have reinforced expectations for muted trading conditions. According to CNBC, Grayscale Head of Research Zach Pandl pointed to a decline in open interest for perpetual futures, interpreting it as a sign of reduced speculative positioning and leverage. He also highlighted relatively subdued trading volumes on both centralized and decentralized exchanges, suggesting that near-term market activity is likely to remain restrained. 

Financial regulators in Hong Kong are moving towards the presentation of stablecoin legislation following the completion of a consultation process. In February of this year, that consultation process, which received 108 submissions from professional bodies and industry stakeholders, was completed. It was run jointly by The Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau (FSTB) and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), culminating in the publication of the results of the process.Photo by Pat Whelen on UnsplashLegislative proposal publishedOff the back of that prior body of work, the regulators have now published a legislative proposal, incorporating responses to issues that were brought to light via the consultation process. The regulators concluded that going forward, stablecoin regulation should be considered primarily in terms of those stablecoin assets which operate on a ledger which runs on a decentralized basis. Additionally, no individual or unilateral entity should have the ability to tamper with or control those assets or the network upon which they exist. On this basis, the regulators intend to submit a bill relative to fiat-referenced stablecoins for consideration to the Legislative Council at a later stage in 2024. Before submitting any legislative proposal, the regulators plan to once again consult with stakeholders prior to finalizing any such proposal. As part of what they have set out thus far, regulators are looking to include a requirement for any stablecoin issuer to obtain a license in Hong Kong.  Reserve asset requirementsThey remain open to the idea that reserve assets backing an issued stablecoin could be held in an overseas jurisdiction. However, if the issuer is an overseas entity, it will be required to establish a local corporate entity in Hong Kong, with relevant management personal based within the Chinese autonomous territory. In light of feedback received during the consultation process, the regulator is looking at reducing the attestation frequency that each stablecoin issuer will be required to provide via an independent auditor in order to verify that the stablecoins issued are backed by the requisite amount of liquid assets.  Such reserve assets must be segregated from the working capital of the stablecoin issuer’s business, with the HKMA expressing a preference for a trust-like structure following input via the consultation process. Furthermore, reserve assets must be deemed to be both high quality and highly liquid, which would include cash, bank deposits and government issued securities where counterparty risk is minimized. On the basis that the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar, the regulator is content to allow issuers to use USD-denominated reserve assets if they prefer to do so. The legislative proposal also stipulates the need for issuers to have a minimum share capital of HK$25 million or 1% of the value of stablecoin in circulation.  The HKMA foresees crypto exchanges, securities firms and regulated banks having the ability to offer stablecoins to customers, so such offerings won’t be confined to dedicated stablecoin issuers.Back in March the HKMA introduced a stablecoin sandbox with a view towards learning what works best from a regulatory standpoint. It’s understood that a list of participants will be announced in the near future. Participating entities will be able to issue stablecoins in Hong Kong within that controlled sandbox environment, prior to full scale implementation once stablecoin regulation has been fully legislated for.