South Korean crypto-only exchanges on the brink of closure

UK Watchdog Adds Crypto Exchanges to Warning ListThe UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has expanded its warning list to include nearly 150 digital asset companies, including crypto exchanges HTX and KuCoin.Photo by Maxim Hopman on UnsplashPromotion without approvalThese firms have been added to the list due to their promotion of services in the UK without obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals. The move comes as the FCA strengthens its oversight of the cryptocurrency sector.The FCA recently broadened its rules on financial promotions, effective from October 8, to encompass crypto-asset service providers, regardless of their geographical location. This means that all crypto platforms are now obligated to display clear risk warnings to UK-based consumers and adhere to more rigorous technical standards. Additionally, they must implement a mandatory 24-hour cooling-off period for new customers.Exchanges respondIn response to the inclusion of their platforms on the FCA’s warning list, both HTX and KuCoin issued statements. A spokesperson for HTX, known until recently as Huobi, clarified that the firm does not operate or market its services in the UK. KuCoin, on the other hand, acknowledged that it doesn’t operate in the UK but expressed its commitment to adapt its products and services to ensure compliance with the relevant laws and regulations in each country.Another exchange, OKX, alongside global exchange Binance, have both indicated that they are working towards complying with the FCA’s regulatory requirements in respect of marketing.The FCA issued a generic warning message for both HTX and KuCoin, stating:“This firm may be promoting financial services or products without our permission. You should avoid dealing with this firm.”Non-compliance with the FCA’s regulations can result in severe penalties, including takedown requests for websites and apps, substantial fines, and potential legal action, which could lead to imprisonment.It’s worth noting that HTX Advisor, Justin Sun, has encountered regulatory challenges in the past. In March, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) accused Sun of fraud and market manipulation related to TRX, the native cryptocurrency of his Tron blockchain. Despite holding licenses to operate in various jurisdictions, HTX’s website does not specifically mention the UK as a prohibited venue.KuCoin has its platform restricted in several countries, including the US, Singapore, Hong Kong, mainland China, Thailand, Malaysia, and Canada’s Ontario province. Notably, the UK is not listed among these restricted locations.The FCA’s decision to rapidly identify and publicize crypto firms violating the expanded rules underscores increasingly stringent regulatory requirements. The regulator is continuously updating its list of violators as new infractions are uncovered. In August, the UK regulator published data that demonstrated that only 13% of crypto businesses who have applied to trade in the UK have been offered permits to do so.Lucy Castledine, the FCA’s Director of Consumer Investments, emphasized the dynamic nature of the list, which is constantly evolving to keep pace with emerging issues within the crypto sector.As the FCA takes a more proactive stance in overseeing crypto businesses, the warning list serves as a tool for consumer protection, signaling the importance of adherence to regulatory standards in the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

MAS and NY Fed Publish Report on CBDC Cross-Border PaymentsNew York’s Federal Reserve Bank and the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) have collaborated on an endeavor titled “Project Cedar Phase II x Ubin+,” examining the use of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) for wholesale cross-border payments using one or more vehicle currencies.The joint effort has culminated in the publication of a report detailing their findings and results. Commenting on the initiative, MAS Managing Director Leong Sing Chiong stated:“The Cedar x Ubin+ experiment envisages a future digital currency landscape where central banks can enable interoperability of wholesale CBDCs to facilitate more efficient cross-border payment flows including for less liquid currencies, without requiring a common infrastructure.”Photo by NASA on UnsplashExploiting positive DLT characteristicsSpecifically, the New York Innovation Center (NYIC) of the NY Fed was the entity that contributed directly towards the research project. The work built on previous phases of Project Cedar. The objective was to explore perceived advantages of digital ledger technology (DLT) such as reduced settlement risk and reduced settlement time, in the context of cross-border payments.The conventional system primarily uses the SWIFT financial messaging network. The approach is highly inefficient. It’s time-consuming and needlessly ties capital up in vostro and nostro accounts (accounts held for another entity from an account another entity holds). Tying up capital proves to be a liquidity headache for corporations and any business entity that gets involved with international trade settlement.Smart contracts and off-chain messagingAgainst that backdrop, the project team was focusing on harnessing the ability to effect atomic or real-time settlement using DLT. Having commenced the work in November, the project team decided to rely on hashed timelock smart contracts in order to bridge distinct ledgers, so as to effect cross-currency and cross-border transactions.According to the report, the proposed system also relied on off-chain messaging functionality. Cross-border trade settlement often involves a number of stakeholders. Off-chain messaging can be beneficial in disseminating information relative to the process to all stakeholders.The researchers found that each simulated payment scenario achieved end-to-end settlement in under thirty seconds on average, realizing the goal of near real-time settlement. In turn, that speed of settlement meant that stakeholders could be notified of payment finality within a matter of seconds. Certainty of settlement, and thus reduction in counterparty risk was achieved by simulating atomic settlement, such that transactions only settled if all legs in the cross-currency payment chain executed successfully.From the point of view of interoperability and autonomy, the experiment demonstrated the ability to safely execute across multiple ledgers without the need to involve a centralized clearing authority or the establishment of a shared central network.The Bank of International Settlement (BIS) recently highlighted the finding that on a daily basis, $2.2 trillion of foreign exchange transactions don’t use a payment versus payment (PvP) settlement mechanism. PvP is a less risky form of settlement where two currency legs are exchanged simultaneously. Singapore is more exposed than most in this regard. Therefore, the use of DLT to counteract that risk in line with the experiment’s findings would be a progressive step.

Industry leaders are turning their attention to Hong Kong as a notable location for spot bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs). That speculation arises in anticipation of the United States granting approval for such ETFs, with Hong Kong emerging as a likely frontrunner in Asia. In a recent report, The Block spoke with a couple of prominent industry stakeholders, who appear to acknowledge the significance of moves towards seemingly expanding crypto ETF product offerings in Hong Kong, even though the bulk of the industry’s attention has been on U.S. spot bitcoin ETF approval.Photo by Simon Zhu on UnsplashU.S. ETF expectationsOn Monday, the research arm of crypto derivatives platform BitMEX calculated that the arrival of such a product in the United States could dwarf the total value locked within existing crypto-related exchange traded products (ETPs). Earlier this month, a researcher at crypto asset manager Bitwise suggested that U.S. spot bitcoin ETFs would be the most successful ETF products ever launched. Acknowledging Hong Kong’s positionWith all the focus on the U.S., could it be that Hong Kong will play a far greater role in the global crypto ETF business? Yat Siu, the chairman of Web3 investor Animoca Brands, highlighted the encouraging position of Hong Kong’s Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) toward digital assets, laying a foundation for potential spot bitcoin ETFs. Referring to the SFC’s recent statement expressing openness to expanding access to digital assets, Siu emphasized the relatively uncontroversial nature of a spot Bitcoin ETF. He noted: “If you look at what the SFC had said about I think a month ago, it says that it was open to widen access to digital assets. And frankly, Bitcoin spot ETF is, I would say, relatively uncontroversial at the end of the day.” Poised to usher in spot ETFsAs the U.S. inches closer to approving its first spot bitcoin ETF, Hong Kong could likely follow suit, benefiting from the groundwork already laid by U.S. regulators. In fact, just last week both local regulators, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC), signaled that they are happy to start to accept applications for the provision of crypto-related spot ETFs. Siu pointed out the abundance of public filings and applications that Hong Kong authorities can reference in shaping their regulatory framework. Julia Leung, SFC CEO, stated in November that the regulator was evaluating spot crypto ETFs while expressing openness to proposals leveraging innovative technology for efficiency and enhanced customer experience. Presently, Hong Kong has listed several futures-based crypto ETFs, including the Samsung Bitcoin Futures Active ETF, CSOP Bitcoin Futures ETF and CSOP Ether Futures ETF. Glenn Woo, Head of Sales of APAC at Web3 infrastructure company Blockdaemon, echoed the positive sentiment, noting that while traditional asset managers may have lingering concerns, there is a prevailing appetite for such financial instruments in Hong Kong. Woo, drawing on over a decade of experience in the traditional financial industry in Hong Kong, emphasized the growing interest, anticipating that the appetite will expand further once the U.S. approves its first bitcoin ETF. Hong Kong’s long-standing reputation as a global financial center, combined with the potential of crypto ETF products, will likely boost crypto adoption in the region and the significance of Hong Kong’s role in the sector with it.