Confiscated crypto fund proposed in Russia

While Indonesia has been recognized as one of the world's swiftest embracers of cryptocurrencies, it has faced a notable setback more recently, with a 60% decline in transaction volumes on local exchanges compared to the preceding year. High taxesIn a recent report by CoinDesk Indonesia, the publication speculates that the imposition of high taxes may be a pivotal factor dissuading traders and impacting the overall market dynamics. Indonesia’s tax system treats crypto assets as commodities, with the burdensome taxes arising as a direct consequence of that classification. The tax framework in Indonesia subjects crypto assets to both income tax and value-added tax (VAT), treating them akin to commodities. Leading crypto exchanges in the country reveal that the cumulative tax load on each transaction could surpass the trading fees imposed by exchanges, potentially discouraging users from engaging in crypto transactions. Oscar Darmawan, the CEO of the leading Indonesian crypto exchange INDODAX, told CoinDesk that users bear an income tax of 0.1% and a VAT of 0.11% on every crypto transaction. Additionally, exchanges are required to remit a 0.04% fee to the recently established national crypto bourse. Darmawan clarified that “this places a significant financial burden on the domestic crypto industry." expresses Darmawan in an interview with CoinDesk Indonesia, underscoring the challenges faced by the industry due to the current tax structure.Photo by Nataliya Vaitkevich on PexelsAn international issueThe tax treatment of digital assets has been a bugbear for the crypto space on an international basis. In Japan, it arose last month that the country’s lawmakers were considering applying an exemption for companies from paying taxes on unrealized cryptocurrency gains. It has since transpired that such an amendment will be applied to its fiscal 2024 tax reform plan. India has applied a heavy tax burden where crypto is concerned, with a 30% tax applied to capital gains relative to the sale of crypto assets. Additionally, 1% taxation applies by way of a tax deducted at source (TDS) on crypto transactions. The use of cryptocurrency for the purchase of goods and services in the United States remains a stumbling block, given that the current tax code treats such a scenario as a taxable event. Last year, two U.S. senators attempted to address that issue, by including a $200 exemption for purchases made with cryptocurrency. Calls for crypto asset reclassificationIn response to this dilemma in Indonesia, some stakeholders within the local crypto industry advocate for a paradigm shift in the classification of crypto assets. They propose treating crypto as securities instead of commodities, anticipating that this alteration could alleviate the tax burden on users. Yudhono Rawis, the CEO of the exchange platform Tokocrypto, asserts: "Both stocks and crypto are tradable assets with profit potential … Thus, implementing the same tax regime for both these investment instruments would be more equitable and consistent." The industry anticipates regulatory changes in the near future, as crypto oversight in Indonesia is set to transition from the commodities regulator to the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in January 2025.  

Dubai's regulator, the Virtual Asset Regulatory Authority (VARA), has been ahead of the curve by comparison with its peers internationally in getting a crypto regulatory framework in place, and now it's moving to tweak those regulations further. In a press release published via ZAWYA on Sept. 26, VARA announced an update to its crypto regulations which specifically deals with marketing. Its addition of “Marketing Regulations for Virtual Assets and Related Activities 2024” applies to virtual asset service providers (VASPs) operating within the Emirate of Dubai. In tandem with the updated regulations, VARA has published a marketing guidance document to assist VASPs in abiding by the regulations, providing detailed instructions and outlining best practices in terms of the application of appropriate marketing activities. Photo by ZQ Lee on UnsplashMandatory disclaimerOne of the new requirements demanded by the regulator is that marketing content related to digital assets should incorporate a disclaimer outlining to investors that there are financial risks associated with digital assets. To that end, from October 1 onwards, VASPs are required to add the following disclaimer, prominently displayed, within product marketing material: “Virtual assets may lose their value in full or in part and are subject to extreme volatility.” In its guidance documentation, VARA has stipulated that any content which contains contradictory messaging or information provided to users in “small print” is not deemed to be acceptable. The rules apply to both licensed entities and any unlicensed entities that attempt to offer a service within the Emirate of Dubai.  Consumer protectionThe motivation behind the regulatory update is the protection of consumers through the prevention of the dissemination of misleading information. The regulator wants consumers to be well-informed about crypto products, such that they’re aware of both the risks and opportunities associated with digital assets. VARA has set out a schedule of fines, broken down by category, with fines of up to 10 million United Arab Emirates (UAE) dirhams (AED), around $2.7 million, applying for those who do not comply. Commenting on the updated regulations, VARA CEO Matthew White stated: “Our updated marketing regulations and the newly issued guidance document reflect our commitment to maintaining Dubai’s position as a global leader in digital finance. We believe that by providing clear and actionable guidance, we can help VASPs deliver their services responsibly, while fostering greater trust and transparency in the market." The Dubai regulator isn’t the only one to home in on the marketing approach taken by crypto service providers. Since October 2023, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has implemented new rules which specifically deal with the marketing of crypto products and services. Many crypto platforms found the new requirements too arduous to follow. Some withdrew from the market while others did so on a temporary basis while working towards becoming compliant. Within the European Union, the Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA) regulation came into force in June 2023. Those regulations demand that crypto service providers provide information and conduct marketing activities in a clear, fair and non-misleading manner.

ZkLink Snags $10M Funding Ahead of Mainnet LaunchZkLink, a layer 2 multi-chain blockchain network project based out of Singapore, has secured $10 million in funding in advance of its mainnet launch which is scheduled for Q3, 2023.Photo by Markus Winkler on UnsplashStrategic funding roundThe Singaporean project offers a blockchain infrastructure layer that enables the ability to trade digital assets across various disparate blockchain networks. Coinbase Ventures, the investment arm of US cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase, focuses its attention on early-stage cryptocurrency and blockchain projects.That’s precisely why it has now participated in a $10 million investment in the Singaporean start-up, given that the ZkLink network doesn’t launch on mainnet for a number of months yet. Other participants in the funding round included Ascensive Assets, SIG DTI, BigBrain Holdings, Efficient Frontier, among others.In posting news of the funding to social media, ZkLink confirmed that the fresh strategic funding round has brought total funding to date to $18.5 million. “The funds raised take zkLink a step further to envision a multi-chain future with unified liquidity and seamless multi-chain user experience while remaining fully trustless and self-custodial,” the project stated.Its previous $8.5 million funding round was completed in October 2021. Among the early investors on that occasion were Arrington Capital, DeFi Alliance, Huobi Ventures, Ascensive Assets, Morningstar Ventures, GSR, Marshland Capital, Skynet Trading, ZBS Capital, and others. New York-based blockchain financing and investment platform, Republic Crypto, was the lead investor at that time.Bridging assets securely acrossZkLink uses zero knowledge technology in order to connect various layer one and layer two networks. A zero knowledge proof is the core innovation that the approach relies upon, with the proof presenting as a cryptographic technique that ensures that no data is revealed during a transaction, save for the exchange of some known value already evident to both prover and verifier.That approach makes for efficient cross-chain bridging, guaranteeing strong security without external trust assumptions. By connecting various layer one and layer two networks, zkLink claims that it empowers the next generation of decentralized trading products.Developers can access ZkLink application programming interfaces (APIs) in order to create order book decentralized exchanges (DEXs), NFT marketplaces, among other use cases. The project is harnessing zero knowledge technology to abstract away all the complexity of multi-chain trading while keeping it ultra secure and true to the ethos of crypto.A multi-chain futureWith blockchain networks being highly fragmented, the concept of a multi-chain future is one that is being increasingly embraced within the crypto space. Various projects have been launched in an effort to effect such a scenario. However, the first generation of bridging solutions have proven to be weak from a security perspective. Zero knowledge technology is seen as a potential solution to this issue.Effecting a seamless multi-chain will also bring about greater efficiencies. As a case in point, currently USDT-Ethereum and USDT-Solana exist as separate assets on distinct blockchains representing the very same USDT stablecoin. With seamless bridging, there would be no need for the duplication.In recent days, the ZkLink project team has been busy working on safety features related to securing decentralized finance protocols. In a press release associated with that work, ZkLink Co-Founder Vince Lang stated: “It is unacceptable that billions of dollars are lost each year due to custody fraud or cross-chain bridge exploits, so we encourage other DeFi protocols to conduct the same test to prove self-custody of user’s funds.”