South Korea weighs crypto’s role in law, debt relief, and payments

As the Virtual Asset User Protection Act is set to take effect in July, South Korean virtual asset services providers (VASPs) are preparing themselves for new crypto accounting standards. This development is pushing crypto businesses to take consultation services from accounting firms, local media outlet Yonhap Infomax today reported.  Pronounced last year, the new crypto accounting guideline is scheduled to be applied to VASPs starting this July. Rather than providing clear and explicit standards, the guideline requires crypto businesses to interpret it on their own based on “reasonable grounds.” One accountant in the crypto industry said that individual crypto exchanges are wrapping their heads around the new crypto accounting standards, pondering over numerous issues such as whether to manage customer assets in a single record-keeping system. Photo by Volkan Olmez on UnsplashThe most significant concern among VASPs is that the new standard will highly likely recognize crypto assets entrusted by customers as either assets or liabilities. So far, local crypto exchanges haven’t recognized custodial tokens as assets; instead, they have been including these tokens in the footnotes. Only the money users deposited in Korean won has been acknowledged as “customer deposit liabilities.” Dunamu, the operator of crypto exchange Upbit, stated in the footnotes of its previous quarterly report that virtual assets entrusted by customers do not meet the accounting definition of an asset, leading the exchange to exclude its users’ custodial tokens from the asset category.  Varying interpretation of ‘control over custodial assets’ A lot is at stake depending on how individual crypto exchanges interpret the new guideline. If crypto exchanges are deemed to have control over custodial assets, they must meticulously document the details of the assets in custody on their financial statements, including the total amount of custodial assets and how they are managed under what policies.  These details would serve as decisive factors in determining who bears the liabilities in the event of future incidents.  Crypto businesses’ accounting dilemmaThe Korean financial regulators have explained that the new guideline is not the ultimate golden rule, implying that there could be a leeway for crypto businesses if they have reasonable grounds for not following the new accounting standard. However, regulators said they will conduct thorough examinations on the financial statements following their publishment, to ensure that custodial assets are not left out in the documents. This is where VASPs face a difficult choice between two different options; they can either classify custodial tokens as something other than an asset and undergo thorough examinations, or they can recognize them as an asset and risk being included in the “mutual investment-restricted group.” This is a group consisting of large local firms with over nearly KRW 10 trillion ($7.5 billion) in total assets. The companies listed in the group are subject to strict government regulations.  Previous recognition of Dunamu as ‘big firm’ raises concerns among VASPsThe local regulatory authority previously classified Dunamu as part of the mutual investment-restricted group in 2022.  At the time, Korean won deposits made by Upbit users, categorized under the customer deposit liabilities, were recognized as part of its assets by the Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC). The KFTC determined that Dunamu had controlling power over the customers’ deposits. This judgment by the KFTC led the company to fall under the mutual investment-restricted group. Once the new accounting standard takes effect in July, the likelihood is that the exchange’s custodial tokens, currently valued at KRW 20.2 trillion, will also be recognized as assets. Meanwhile, another prominent crypto exchange Bithumb is reported to have KRW 4.5 trillion in total assets.   Another accountant in the crypto industry expressed concerns, saying that VASPs will have to deal with more regulations if incorporated into the mutual investment-restricted group. The person added that recognizing custodial tokens as assets could further heighten the management risks for crypto businesses. 

Bithumb Live Files for BankruptcySouth Korean cryptocurrency exchange Bithumb’s live commerce platform Bithumb Live — an attempt at business diversification — has filed for bankruptcy. The platform entered bankruptcy proceedings last year, brought on by business difficulties and various suspicions of embezzlement involving its CEO.Photo by Melinda Gimpel on UnsplashAccording to legal sources on Monday, the Seoul Bankruptcy Court declared Bithumb Live’s bankruptcy last Monday. The court plans to hold creditor meetings and inspections on November 28 to incorporate creditors’ opinions into the bankruptcy proceedings and assess the status of the company. Major companies like LG Uplus, SK Telecom, SK Magic, and Lotte Card are among the platform’s creditors.Bithumb Live’s backgroundBithumb Live was founded in September 2021 by Bithumb and Bucket Studio, who each invested KRW 6 billion (approximately $4.4 million). Bucket Studio is a content distribution company that gained considerable attention with the global success of the Netflix original series “Squid Game” last year because it holds a 15% stake in Artist Company, an entertainment planning agency co-founded by “Squid Game” lead actor Lee Jung-jae and actor Jung Woo-sung. In particular, Bucket Studio’s CEO Kang Ji-yeon is the sister of Kang Jong-hyun, who is embroiled in allegations related to the ownership of Bithumb.Bithumb and Bucket Studio each hold a 37.5% share of Bithumb Live, making a combined ownership of over 75%. Bithumb Live, led by Kang Ji-yeon, had been established with the intent to create a commerce platform with various features like a metaverse, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and cryptocurrency payments. After its establishment, it announced that it would challenge its key competitor Naver’s prominent live shopping platform by preparing to sign deals with 15 different companies.Financial hardshipsHowever, the platform hit a roadblock just one year after its establishment and found itself unable to escape financial difficulties. According to last year’s business report, Bithumb Live’s liabilities exceeded its assets by approximately KRW 248 million and the platform recorded a net loss of KRW 10.2 billion. Unable to withstand such losses, it announced an indefinite temporary closure via its internal messenger to employees in October of last year. The employees ended up working only four hours a day, resulting in a more than 50% reduction in working hours. Subsequently, the number of employees, which was 73 in September, plummeted to just four in January of this year, essentially signaling a total stop to business operations. In the first half of this year, Bithumb Live’s net loss amounted to almost KRW 1.1 billion.Management entanglementsOn top of these financial strains, the company was also plagued by Kang Ji-yeon and her brother Kang Jong-hyun’s owner’s risk, which encompassed allegations of embezzlement and misappropriation. In July of this year, Kang Ji-yeon was sent to trial on charges of embezzlement and misappropriation at Bucket Studio. Along with her brother and former Chorokbaem (CRB) Group Chairman Won Young-sik, she was accused of granting call options on convertible bonds held by Bithumb affiliates Vidente and Bucket Studio for free to companies controlled by Won’s children between December 2021 and July 2022, inciting damages worth approximately KRW 58.7 billion to the respective companies. In the process, she was also found to have received KRW 32.2 billion in acquisition payments. Kang Jong-hyun had been detained and on trial since February of this year.Bithumb Live’s largest shareholder, Bucket Studio, is also in a tight spot. Back in June, the Korea Exchange imposed a penalty of three points on Bucket Studio for reversing its disclosure. The company had been penalized five points the previous month after withdrawing its decision to issue convertible bonds. In particular, the studio also recorded an operating loss of KRW 7 billion and a net loss of KRW 195.6 billion last year based on consolidated financial statements. In the first half of this year alone, it suffered an operating loss of KRW 896 million, raising red flags for its management.

A new report indicates that the global use of cryptocurrency is not only growing but also quickening, with the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region setting the pace. According to the sixth Chainalysis Global Crypto Adoption Index, released on Sept. 2, India has emerged as the new leader in overall adoption across 151 countries. The index analyzes where value is being transferred, how new users are entering the ecosystem, and which areas are experiencing the most rapid expansion.Photo by Naveed Ahmed on UnsplashIndia leads global crypto adoptionIndia now holds the top spot in the overall index, with the U.S. following in second place. The APAC region demonstrates significant momentum, with Pakistan (3rd), Vietnam (4th), Indonesia (7th), and the Philippines (9th) all securing positions in the top ten. Further down, South Korea and Japan are ranked 15th and 19th, respectively.2025 Global Crypto Adoption Index Top 20 Source: ChainalysisThe picture changes when the data is adjusted for per capita GDP, which highlights grassroots movements. By this measure, Ukraine ranks first, followed by Moldova, Georgia, and Jordan. Hong Kong comes in fifth, Vietnam sixth, while Singapore and South Korea rank 16th and 18th, respectively.2025 Global Crypto Adoption Index Top 20 (Pop. adjusted) Source: ChainalysisRegional transactions surge as APAC gains groundOn-chain transaction data confirms a shift in economic gravity. In the year ending June 2025, APAC's transaction value soared by 69% year-over-year, climbing from $1.4 trillion to $2.36 trillion. While Europe ($2.6 trillion) and North America ($2.2 trillion) still handle larger absolute volumes, growth is accelerating nearly everywhere. APAC's growth rate more than doubled from 27% to 69%, while Latin America's rose from 53% to 63%. In terms of capital entering the crypto market via centralized exchanges, the U.S. leads as the largest fiat on-ramp, processing over $4.2 trillion. This is approximately four times the volume of South Korea (over $1 trillion), while the EU recorded just under $500 billion. Asset preferences also show regional variations; Bitcoin accounted for 47% of purchases in the U.K. and 45% in the EU, but just over 20% in South Korea.  India's top ranking aligns with the latest domestic developments, such as the Independence Day launch of the Bitcoin Policy Institute India, which aims to focus on sovereign mining, policy, and education. Legal and security challenges in IndiaHowever, this rapid growth is accompanied by notable legal and security hurdles. In a high-profile case, an Indian anti-corruption court sentenced 14 individuals, including 11 police officers, to life in prison for a 2018 kidnapping and crypto extortion scheme. In another development, creditors of India's crypto exchange WazirX approved a new restructuring plan over a year after a $234 million hack allegedly linked to North Korea’s Lazarus Group. An earlier proposal was rejected by the Singapore High Court in April. The revised plan shifts oversight of recovery tokens—representing outstanding balances—from WazirX’s Singapore entity to Zanmai India, regulated by India’s financial authority, with repayments funded by profits and recovered assets. Some 150,000 creditors, representing $206 million in claims, voted between July 30 and Aug. 6 as WazirX also moved operations to a Panama-based unit called Zensui. Separately, on April 16, India’s Supreme Court dismissed a petition from 54 hack victims, ruling it lacked authority to legislate on crypto policy. While India’s headlines highlight the frictions of rapid growth, the broader picture is clearer. The Chainalysis index illustrates a global crypto market expanding across all income levels for varied reasons. In developed nations, clearer regulations and institutional involvement are key drivers. In many emerging economies, factors like remittances and access to U.S. dollars via stablecoins are more prominent.