The Legal Future of South Korea’s Crypto Industry: Necessary Legislation and Systems

Civic Group Files Embezzlement Complaint Against Former Kakao Chairman Over KLAY TokensA South Korean civic group, known as Economic Democracy 21, filed on Wednesday a prosecution complaint against Kim Beom-soo, the former chairman of the internet giant Kakao, and several executives from Kakao’s affiliated companies. The allegations at hand pertain to embezzlement, specifically revolving around the virtual asset known as KLAY.Photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on UnsplashKlaytn’s native tokenKLAY represents the native token of the Klaytn blockchain, which was developed by GroundX, a blockchain subsidiary of Kakao.Legal breach claimsThe complaint, formally submitted to the joint crypto-crime investigation division of the Seoul Southern District Prosecutors’ Office, asserts that Kakao executives have breached the Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Economic Crimes and the Capital Markets Act.Clandestine pre-salesWithin the detailed complaint, Economic Democracy 21 alleges that following the issuance of KLAY, Kakao’s executives conducted private pre-sales of KLAY tokens before their official listing. These pre-sales activities reportedly raised between KRW 150 billion and 300 billion ($113 million and $226 million). The accusation is that these funds were not channeled into business endeavors, but rather diverted for personal use.The complaint also contends that Kim and other executives withdrew KLAY tokens from the company under the guise of investments, compensation, and service fees related to “overseas investment business” since 2022. The civic group further asserted that these corporate leaders employed a program to manipulate transaction records, presumably with the intent of preventing third parties from discovering the nature of these transactions.

Safeheron, a Singapore-based provider of digital asset self-custody solutions for institutions, has released the world’s first open-sourced trusted execution environment (TEE) related to Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX).  The Intel SGX is a hardware-based security technology integrated within some Intel processors. It enables application developers to run application code within a secure isolated environment, while preventing access to that code or modification of it by other applications or by the operating system running on that hardware.Photo by Shubham Dhage on UnsplashAddressing Web3 security & scalability challengesThe Intel SGX enables a TEE, creating a black box for computation. In a blog post published by Safeheron on May 6, the company claimed that its open-source framework “addresses fundamental security and scalability challenges within blockchain and Web3 ecosystems, offering broad potential for deployment across critical scenarios.” The company asserted that the enabling of off-chain TEEs as achieved by its framework, provides for robust blockchain layer-2 scaling, together with privacy-preserving computation. In this way, layer-1 blockchain load can be minimized while enhancing network throughput and verifiability. Safeheron further claimed that this all paves the way for the evolution of a trusted “second execution layer” for decentralized applications. Overcoming Intel SGX complexitySafeheron developed the TEE framework using C++, a high-level object-oriented programming language. The firm open-sourced the SGX framework due to the significant challenges that developing with Intel SGX poses, arising from its complexity and its engineering overhead. On X, the company claimed that the new framework reduces SGX TEE development complexity, enabling developers to build applications securely for blockchain, cloud security and privacy computing. The framework optimizes advanced cryptographic support, enhanced testing capabilities, high-level API design and secure and encrypted file input and output. Moving beyond closed and opaque systemsSafeheron added that it open-sourced the framework as it had seen concern expressed within the Web3 sector regarding the development of closed and opaque systems, with that concern elevated in relation to ongoing security failures related to Web3 platforms. Safeheron CEO Wade Wang told Cointelegraph that in open-sourcing the framework, the firm is “not threatened by competitors,” but that it is concerned about “slow innovation due to closed systems.” The Singaporean firm was established in 2021. It counts HashKey Capital, Bixin Ventures, Antalpha Ventures, M77 Ventures and Kryptos among its investors. Back in 2022, it raised $7 million in a pre-Series A funding round. At the time, the project’s mission was to make private keys, which individuals use to control and self-custody their digital assets, safer. In terms of products offered, the company markets its MPC Node Suite, a white-label solution that allows clients to build out multi-party computation (MPC) wallet-based applications. It also offers Keyless Wallets that facilitate the development of wallets that don’t require traditional keys.  In February crypto exchange platform BYDFi partnered with Safeheron, leveraging its MPC technology and TEE to build out a key management system.

Kazakhstan Launches NPC With CBDC Implementation by 2025Kazakhstan’s National Bank (NBK) has unveiled the National Payment Corporation (NPC), a dedicated entity responsible for spearheading the development and launch of the country’s central bank digital currency (CBDC), known as the digital tenge.In a press release published last Friday, the NBK set out that the launch of the NPC is effectively a restructuring of the Kazakhstan Center for Interbank Settlements. The new entity has been entrusted with overseeing the national payment system.This mandate includes overseeing critical functions like interbank clearing services, facilitating money transfers, and managing digital identification. However, the NPC’s central mission revolves around establishing a robust “digital financial infrastructure” with a primary focus on realizing the digital tenge.Photo by Uladzislau Petrushkevich on Unsplash2025 targeted launch dateThe journey toward the digital tenge began in February of this year, with an ambitious launch date set for 2025. Deputy Governor of the NBK, Berik Sholpankupov, initially articulated a vision centered on a “collaboration between traditional finance and DeFi,” aimed at significantly improving financial inclusion and strengthening international trade.As of now, the CBDC pilot in Kazakhstan has advanced to a controlled environment pilot phase involving actual consumers and merchants. One of the key partners in this venture is Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange. Binance is actively supporting the pilot through its technical solution, BNB Chain, marking a convergence between traditional financial institutions and the blockchain-based cryptocurrency sector.Kazakhstan’s pursuit of CBDCs aligns with a global trend as numerous countries worldwide explore the potential of CBDCs. An astounding 105 countries, representing a substantial 95% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), are currently exploring the concept, highlighting the collective recognition of the transformative potential of digital currencies in shaping the future of finance.Last week it emerged that the NBK had entered into a collaboration with the global financial messaging service SWIFT relative to the beta-testing of a CBDC.Attracting global exchangesIn a move that bolsters the development of crypto in the central Asian country, Binance launched a regulated digital asset platform in collaboration with the local Freedom Finance Bank. Around the same time, Bybit secured in-principle approval to trade within the country from the local regulator.Kazakhstan’s proactive stance toward cryptocurrency is also evident in its taxation policies. In 2022, the government collected approximately $7 million in tax payments from cryptocurrency mining entities following the implementation of revised regulations governing the fiscal responsibilities of cryptocurrency mining.Additionally, the government introduced legislation aimed at curbing excessive energy consumption by domestic crypto miners, instituting licensing requirements, and making minor adjustments to the taxation framework.Kazakhstan’s steps in establishing the National Payment Corporation and venturing into the realm of CBDCs reflect the country’s interest in embracing the digital era and staying at the forefront of financial innovation. As the industry looks on, Kazakhstan’s digital tenge project could serve as a model for others seeking to bridge the gap between traditional finance and the exciting possibilities of DeFi.