India’s HPCL Embraces Blockchain Tech to Streamline Purchase Orders

Indonesia witnessed a striking decline in cryptocurrency tax revenue for the year 2023, according to local media. 63% decreaseA report by Indonesian business and financial publication Kontan detailed a tax take drop to $31.7 million (Indonesian rupiah 467.27 billion). That tax collection is in sharp contrast to the partial collection period in 2022 when the crypto tax regime was initially introduced. It represents a drop of around 63%. The decline is part of a broader tax reform targeting the "digital economy" implemented in 2022, with the Indonesian government expressing the expectation that the reform would enhance tax collection, fostering a "healthy and fair taxation system."Photo by Nick Agus Arya on UnsplashDeclining transaction volumesDespite bitcoin's impressive surge of approximately 160% throughout 2023, the dip in crypto tax revenue was notable. The decrease is closely tied to a drop in transaction volumes over the same period compared to 2022. A report by CoinDesk Indonesia last week put that trading volume decrease at around 60%. Crypto transactions in Indonesia face dual taxation – a 0.1% income tax and a 0.11% value-added tax (VAT). Additionally, local crypto exchanges are subject to a special tax of approximately 0.04%, contributing to the national digital asset bourse. Disadvantaging local exchangesLocal exchanges in Indonesia, including prominent ones like Indodax, have voiced discontent with the high tax rates, contending that these levies are driving users towards unregulated offshore exchanges. Earlier this month Indodax CEO Oscar Darmawan called on the Indonesian government to review crypto tax rates. Darmawan highlighted that the cumulative taxes on crypto transactions often surpass the trading fees paid by users, posing a risk of users seeking more cost-effective alternatives. Local exchanges suggest that crypto transactions should only be subject to income tax, eliminating the VAT component. This proposal comes as Indonesia's Financial Services Authority (OJK) prepares to implement cryptocurrency regulations in early 2025. The aim is to align the taxation of cryptocurrencies with their market nature, possibly redefining them more as securities than commodities. Inadequate tax regulation can lead to a decline in local market activities, potentially resulting in capital flight to more favorable jurisdictions. Indonesia's situation serves as a reminder of the crucial need for policies that understand and adapt to the dynamic nature of the cryptocurrency sector. India is being similarly challenged. Local exchanges there have also complained of punitive taxation, which resulted in Indian users migrating to offshore exchanges. That scenario led indigenous exchanges to lobby the government to take action. The authorities have duly acted, flagging a number of global exchanges for operating illegally within India. It’s not all bad news for the development of digital assets within Indonesia. The country still ranks highly in terms of crypto adoption within the Asian region. Crypto was also floated as an election issue recently by Gibran Rakabuming Raka, a vice-presidential candidate in the upcoming election. The politician expressed his commitment to accelerating the country's position as a leader in the digital revolution. 

Despite ongoing fluctuations in the cryptocurrency market, analysts suggest that sustained institutional activity is likely to underpin a near-term rebound. As Bitcoin recovered above $90,000 on Dec. 5, market observers began weighing potential risks against growing evidence of corporate and sovereign adoption.Photo by Austin Hervias on UnsplashStructural risks seen as limitedAccording to South Korean news outlet Etoday, Hong Sung-wook, a researcher at NH Investment & Securities, said that the recent slump in both Bitcoin and Strategy stock may weigh on shareholders but does not fundamentally threaten the company’s solvency. He noted that concerns that typically emerge during Bitcoin downturns seldom reflect new underlying risks. Addressing the potential removal of Strategy from the MSCI index, pending review results expected by Jan. 15, Hong indicated that the impact would likely be limited, as the firm has already exhausted its capacity to make additional Bitcoin purchases. However, he cautioned that prolonged share price weakness could force companies to reevaluate digital asset treasury (DAT) models. Such a shift, he warned, could trigger corporate sell-offs that would burden the broader market. Hong also addressed concerns related to stablecoins and future technology. Despite S&P Global Ratings assigning Tether its lowest grade of "weak," Hong observed that the issuer maintains reserves exceeding the USDT in circulation, rendering a mass withdrawal crisis unlikely. Regarding the threat of quantum computing, he argued that the timeline remains uncertain and that the Bitcoin network could mitigate future risks through consensus-driven protocol upgrades. Policy moves may offer market tailwindsLooking ahead, the analyst identified several constructive developments that could bolster the market, including the potential passage of a U.S. crypto market structure bill early next year. He also pointed to the anticipated nomination of Kevin Hassett as Federal Reserve Chair by President Trump. Hassett is expected to favor interest rate cuts, creating a potentially favorable macro environment. Additionally, Vanguard’s decision to permit the trading of select third-party crypto ETFs and mutual funds was cited as significant, given the asset manager’s historically conservative stance on digital assets. While the market has shifted into a broader risk-off mode, institutional demand for Bitcoin has continued to build, including activity that began well before the recent pullback. The Czech central bank recently established a $1 million test portfolio comprising Bitcoin, a USD stablecoin, and a tokenized deposit to research payment futures, though it clarified that it does not currently plan to add digital assets to its international reserves. In the academic sector, a Form 13F filing with the U.S. SEC revealed that Harvard Management Company, which oversees a $56.9 billion endowment, held 6.8 million shares of BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT) as of Sept. 30, a threefold increase from the previous quarter. Furthermore, BlackRock CEO Larry Fink reportedly stated at the New York Times DealBook Summit 2025 that multiple sovereign wealth funds have begun accumulating Bitcoin, according to Forbes. Korean banks advance crypto integrationThis shift toward institutional acceptance is also materializing within South Korea’s traditionally conservative banking sector. The Maeil Business Newspaper reported that Woori Bank recently became the first major South Korean lender to display real-time Bitcoin prices on its trading floor, allowing dealers to track the asset alongside equities and foreign exchange rates. Concurrently, Hana Financial Group announced a partnership with Dunamu, the operator of the Upbit exchange, to develop blockchain-based remittance services, according to The Korea Economic Daily. By leveraging Hana’s global network and Dunamu’s technology, the initiative aims to reduce settlement times and costs for cross-border payments. Hana intends to introduce the technology for transactions between its Korean offices and overseas branches as early as the first quarter of next year, with broader expansion planned as domestic regulations evolve. Hana intends to launch the service at overseas branches as early as the first quarter of next year, with gradual expansion planned as domestic regulations evolve. 

Bitcoin's global merchant acceptance witnessed a substantial surge, growing by 174% throughout 2023, with the Philippines proving itself in leading the way within the Asian region.Photo by rc.xyz NFT gallery on UnsplashRegion facing regulatory restrictionsThat’s according to BTC Map, a provider of bitcoin merchant mapping services. The data, derived from BTC Map's open-source mapping data via OpenStreetMap, revealed that the number of venues accepting bitcoin payments surged from 2,207 at the beginning of the year to 6,126 by the year's end. This diverse array of businesses included restaurants, bars, shops and various services. The expansion of bitcoin vendors is a global phenomenon, with concentrations notably observed in Europe, the United States and Latin America. The Philippines stands out in Asia with hundreds of vendors, while regulatory restrictions in East Asia, especially China, have limited adoption. While it's great to see a high level of direct adoption among Filipino merchants, it's easy to understand why this level of adoption hasn’t been matched within Asia’s largest market. China has had a long-standing ban on cryptocurrency trading, mining or its use as a means of payment. Despite the ban, it appears that crypto trading is still alive and well in China, although beneath the surface. With mining too, while the sector shrank considerably once a ban was imposed, there is believed to be a significant ongoing level of bitcoin mining occurring still within China’s borders. However, when it comes to vendors, this is likely to be an activity that is far too visible to the authorities and with that, China’s 1.4 billion citizens are not getting the opportunity to buy goods and services with the world’s leading cryptocurrency. Compounding matters, the Chinese authorities have been working diligently on a myriad of projects to bring about day-to-day retail use of the country’s central bank digital currency, the digital yuan. Those efforts are not likely to be aligned with an accommodation of or tolerance of bitcoin payments. The increase in merchant listings showcased a slight decline from the peak in September, which reached 6,590 merchants. BTC Map's platform allows businesses and users to tag locations accepting bitcoin payments, with the rise in numbers potentially attributed to increased user contributions to the database. This surge in bitcoin adoption globally occurred against the backdrop of the cryptocurrency's price volatility throughout the year. Despite potential limitations in data collection due to its reliance on volunteer contributions, the overall trend indicates a growing acceptance of bitcoin. Ongoing challenges to adoptionA panel of bitcoin leaders at the Plan B conference in October discussed the challenges and opportunities of global bitcoin adoption. Notably, they highlighted the difficulty of onboarding new users and merchants, particularly in diverse cultural contexts. In El Salvador, where bitcoin is legal tender, obstacles persist in convincing merchants to accept bitcoin payments. Geographically, concentrations of bitcoin-accepting vendors were more prevalent in Central and South America, while Africa and Asia demonstrated fewer such establishments. The United States and Europe led in the global count of crypto-friendly merchants. The panel stressed the importance of education in overcoming these challenges, emphasizing the need for user-friendly applications to facilitate mainstream adoption, moving away from complex technologies. As bitcoin continues its global expansion, the industry recognizes the vital role education and user-friendly solutions play in fostering broader acceptance.